Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by all-cause rehospitalization status (n = 6584)
| Characteristic | Any-cause rehospitalization status
|
P-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No readmission (n =5833) | Early readmission (n =248) | Late readmission (n =503) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 65 ± 14.0 | 67 ± 14.6 | 66 ± 14.7 | 0.033 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 1997 (34.2%) | 83 (33.5%) | 175 (34.8%) | 0.936 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| White | 3224 (55.3%) | 150 (60.5%) | 302 (60.0%) | |
| Black or African American | 849 (14.6%) | 54 (21.8%) | 115 (22.9%) | |
| Asian | 1494 (25.6%) | 31 (12.5%) | 75 (14.9%) | |
| Other | 263 (4.5%) | 13 (5.2%) | 11 (2.2%) | |
| Baseline weight, kg, median (IQR) | 78 (64–95) | 83 (69–102) | 83 (68–97) | <0.001 |
| Region, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Asia-Pacific | 1491 (25.6%) | 31 (12.5%) | 74 (14.7%) | |
| Central Europe | 875 (15.0%) | 5 (2.0%) | 20 (4.0%) | |
| Latin America | 557 (9.6%) | 18 (7.3%) | 35 (7.0%) | |
| North America | 2511 (43.1%) | 184 (74.2%) | 350 (69.6%) | |
| Western Europe | 397 (6.8%) | 10 (4.0%) | 24 (4.8%) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| NYHA classification, n (%) | 0.041 | |||
| NYHA class not assessed | 1014 (17.4%) | 61 (24.6%) | 89 (17.7%) | |
| NYHA class I | 231 (4.0%) | 4 (1.6%) | 13 (2.6%) | |
| NYHA class II | 914 (15.7%) | 31 (12.5%) | 80 (15.9%) | |
| NYHA class III | 2338 (40.1%) | 105 (42.3%) | 207 (41.2%) | |
| NYHA class IV | 1336 (22.9%) | 47 (19.0%) | 114 (22.7%) | |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 3493 (59.9%) | 163 (65.7%) | 310 (61.6%) | 0.150 |
| HF hospitalization past year, n (%) | 2116 (36.3%) | 134 (54.0%) | 283 (56.3%) | <0.001 |
| LVEF in previous 12 months, %, mean ± SD | 30 ± 12.6 | 33 ± 15.3 | 30 ± 14.0 | 0.187 |
| LVEF <40% past year, n (%) | 3529 (81.0%) | 141 (68.8%) | 319 (76.7%) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 4191 (71.9%) | 202 (81.5%) | 387 (76.9%) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2428 (41.6%) | 124 (50.0%) | 255 (50.7%) | <0.001 |
| History of coronary artery disease, n (%) | 3151 (54.0%) | 158 (63.7%) | 296 (59.0%) | 0.002 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 643 (11.0%) | 38 (15.3%) | 94 (18.7%) | <0.001 |
| History of peripheral arterial vascular disease | 589 (10.1%) | 41 (16.5%) | 68 (13.5%) | <0.001 |
| Baseline chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 899 (15.4%) | 69 (27.8%) | 122 (24.3%) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 2133 (36.6%) | 118 (47.6%) | 217 (43.1%) | <0.001 |
| History of ICD/CRT, n (%) | 456 (7.8%) | 38 (15.3%) | 89 (17.7%) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 799 (13.7%) | 31 (12.5%) | 71 (14.1%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values at baseline, median (IQR) | ||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg, | 124 (110–140) | 122 (110–138) | 120 (110–137) | 0.008 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg, | 75 (67–84) | 72 (64–83) | 71 (64–80) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 82 (72–95) | 80 (70–94) | 82 (70–94) | 0.110 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 23 (21–26) | 22 (20–24) | 22 (20–25) | 0.058 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139 (136–141) | 138 (136–141) | 139 (136–141) | 0.090 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 25 (18–37) | 28 (19–41) | 28 (20–40) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13 (11–14) | 12 (11–13) | 12 (11–14) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 4242 (1982–8668) | 6002 (2991–12 197) | 5545 (2768–12 280) | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 957 (523–1801) | 1019 (602–1906) | 1221 (671–2087) | <0.001 |
| GFR | 60 (45–76) | 54 (38–68) | 53 (40–70) | <0.001 |
| Medication at/before baseline, n (%) | ||||
| ACEIs or ARBs | 3549 (60.9%) | 161 (64.9%) | 321 (63.8%) | 0.207 |
| Beta-blockers | 3346 (57.4%) | 164 (66.1%) | 353 (70.2%) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 1611 (27.6%) | 67 (27.0%) | 154 (30.6%) | 0.342 |
| Chronic use of loop diuretics | 3578 (61.4%) | 195 (78.6%) | 408 (81.1%) | <0.001 |
| Nitrates | 1344 (23.0%) | 77 (31.0%) | 123 (24.5%) | 0.012 |
| Hydralazine | 368 (6.3%) | 42 (16.9%) | 69 (13.7%) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 1510 (25.9%) | 57 (23.0%) | 162 (32.2%) | 0.004 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 1332 (22.8%) | 82 (33.1%) | 175 (34.8%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 2819 (48.3%) | 144 (58.1%) | 287 (57.1%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical profile | ||||
| Baseline BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.4 (23.7–32.6) | 29.0 (25.0–33.8) | 28.8 (24.7–33.1) | <0.001 |
| Orthopnoea, n (%) | 4451 (76.4%) | 212 (85.5%) | 396 (78.9%) | 0.002 |
| Rales >1/3 lung fields, n (%) | 3070 (52.6%) | 116 (46.8%) | 255 (50.7%) | 0.022 |
| JVD, n (%) | 3204 (55.0%) | 158 (63.7%) | 330 (65.6%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral oedema, n (%) | 4317 (74.0%) | 190 (76.6%) | 394 (78.3%) | 0.079 |
| Clinical course | ||||
| Actual treatment group, n (%) | 0.977 | |||
| Placebo | 2863 (49.7%) | 123 (50.0%) | 247 (50.2%) | |
| Nesiritide | 2895 (50.3%) | 123 (50.0%) | 245 (49.8%) | |
ACEI, angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; JVD, jugular venous distension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SD, standard deviation.
a
P-value from comparison for no readmission vs. early readmission vs. late readmission.