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. 2018 Feb 22;9:43. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00043

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Copyright © 2018 Cinque, Zoratto, Poleggi, Leo, Cerniglia, Cimino, Tambelli, Alleva, Gainetdinov, Laviola and Adriani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Percentage preference for a large-and-late (LL) reward over a small-and-soon (SS) one in an operant Intolerance-to-Delay Task. (A) Preference for LL at increasing delays after the administration of different drugs. Whereas preference for LL decreases significantly at higher delays, knockout (KO) rats show a significantly higher preference for LL when compared to both wild-type (WT) and dopamine transporter–heterozygous (HET) rats. Amphetamine (AMPH) reduces significantly LL preference in WT rats at all three delays. *P < 0.05. (B) The effect of the different drugs on LL preference (average value collapsed across delays). WT rats, after AMPH administration, show a significantly reduced LL preference compared to the saline, vehicle, and RO-5203648 groups. **P < 0.0001.