Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of 3598 mothers.
| Demographic variables | Gestational vitamin D status1 | P-value2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deficiency | Insufficiency | Sufficiency | ||
| Pregnant women [n (%)] | 1397 (38.83) | 1260 (35.02) | 941 (26.15) | |
| Maternal age [years, n (%)] | ||||
| <25 25–34 ≥35 |
220 (15.75) 1131 (80.96) 46 (3.29) |
194 (15.40) 1022 (81.11) 44 (3.49) |
147 (15.62) 768 (81.61) 26 (2.77) |
0.909 |
| Maternal BMI [kg/m2, n (%)] | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) Normal weight (18.5–22.9) Overweight (≥23.0) |
333 (23.84) 925 (66.21) 139 (9.95) |
271 (21.51) 859 (68.17) 130 (10.32) |
168 (17.85) 649 (68.97) 124 (13.18) |
0.003 |
| Season of blood sample [n (%)] | ||||
| Spring Summer Fall Winter |
477 (34.14) 311 (22.26) 279 (19.97) 330 (23.62) |
468 (37.14) 271 (21.51) 275 (21.83) 246 (19.52) |
371 (39.43) 225 (23.91) 193 (20.51) 152 (16.15) |
0.001 |
| Periconceptional multivitamin use [n (%)] | ||||
| No Less than one month More than one month |
1220 (87.33) 97 (6.94) 80 (5.73) |
1033 (81.98) 112 (8.89) 115 (9.13) |
743 (78.96) 81 (8.61) 117 (12.43) |
<0.001 |
| Family monthly income (RMB/yuan) [n (%)] | ||||
| Low (<2000) Middle (2000–3999) High (≥4000) |
611 (43.74) 590 (42.23) 196 (14.03) |
557 (44.21) 516 (40.95) 187 (14.84) |
432 (45.91) 372 (39.53) 137 (14.56) |
0.746 |
| Parity [n(%)] | ||||
| 1 >1 | 1345 (96.87) 60 (3.13) |
1238 (96.97) 51 (3.03) |
927 (96.58) 37 (3.42) |
0.854 |
| Gestational week of blood sample [w, n (%)] | ||||
| First-trimester (<13) Second-trimester (13–27) |
519 (37.15) 878 (62.85) |
444 (35.24) 816 (64.76) |
337 (35.81) 604 (64.19) |
0.575 |
125(OH)D < 20 ng/ml for deficiency; 20 ≤ 25(OH)D < 30 ng/ml for insufficiency; 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/ml for sufficiency.
2Differences among groups were assessed with a chi-square test for categorical variables.