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. 2018 Feb 26;8:3629. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21994-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A forest plot showing the effect sizes of all male studies that tested the association between social status and parasitism. Positive values indicate higher parasitism in dominants; negative values indicate higher parasitism in subordinates. The error bars represent the 95% CI lower limit and the 95% CI upper limit; the square represents the effect size (d) of each study. The center of the diamond represents the effect size and its length represents the 95% CI for all male studies. Purple = Order Primates^A; Orange = Class Aves^B; Yellow = Order Squamata^C; Blue = Order Perissodactyla^D; Pink = Order Carnivora^E; Green = Order Artiodactyla^F; Gray = Order Actinopterygii^G. Silhouettes are adapted from “Monkey”^A, “Zebra”^D, “Meerkat”^E, and “Impala”^F icons by Anniken & Andreas, “Sparrow”^B icon by Hernan D. Schlosman, “Lizard”^C icon by B. Agustín Amenábar Larraín, and “Fish”^G icon by Aleksandr Vector from the Noun Project.