Table 5. Effects of exercise-based lifestyle modification on HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-1, cholesterol efflux capacity and PON-1 activities.
| Study population, age, number [reference] | Exercise mode, intensity, frequency, duration | HDL-C ApoA-1 | CEC PON-1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sedentary subjects with MS (50 ± 10y, 10M, 10F) Sedentary subjects without MS (45 ± 7y, 6M, 4F) as cont. [24] |
moderate intensity with bicycle ergometer, 45 min, 3/w, 3 mo | HDL-C → ApoA-1 → |
CEC↑ PONA↑ |
| DM (59 ± 7y 3M, 8F), Healthy control (50 ± 9y 1M, 10F) Sedentary DM (51 ± 10y 4M, 6F) as cont. [25] |
moderate intensity with bicycle ergometer, 40 min, 3/w, 4 mo | HDL-C → | CEC → PONA → |
| MS (59 ± 1y 9M, 18F) MS (61 ± 1y 4M, 8F) as cont. [26] |
walk/run training program, 30–60 min, 5/w, 10 w | HDL-C → ApoA-1 → |
CEC → PONA↑ |
| Overweight or obese women (46 ± 11y, 12DM, 88nonDM), No cont. [27] | walking steps (+5000 steps/day), +Reduced fat and total energy diet (−500 Cal.), | HDL-C↓ ApoA-1 → |
CEC↓ PONA → |
| Obese women (< 40y, 15F), No cont. [28] | increased physical activity, 60 min, 5/w, 9 w+Healthy diet | HDL-C → ApoA-1↓ |
CEC →* |
| CAD (66 ± 7y, 23M, 14F), No cont. [13] | moderate intensity, 30 min, 3/w, 12 w | HDL-C → | AREA↑ |
| Obese non-DM with MS (43 ± 11y, 40M), 22men completed the program Healthy volunteers (39 ± 10y, 26M) as cont. [29] | weight loss program by diet (1200 Cal) and exercise, 60 min, 3–5/w, 3 mo | HDL-C↑ (3 & 12mo) |
PONA ↓ (3mo) PONA ↑ (12mo) |
| Overweight or obese men (63y, 46–76y, 22M) with CVD risk, No cont. [30] | moderate intensity, 45–60 min, 21 d | HDL-C↓ ApoA-1 → |
PONA → |
| Sedentary healthy elders (69 ± 5y, 18M, 25F), No cont. [31] | mild to moderate intensity, ≥30 min, 2/w, 6 mo | HDL-C → | AREA → |
| DM (55 ± 8y, 7M, 7F), Healthy volunteers (48 ± 8y, 5M, 7F), No cont. [32] | mild to moderate intensity, 40 min, 3/w, 18 w | HDL-C → | AREA → |
| National judoists (18 ± 1y 18F), No cont. [33] | anaerobic exercise, 2 hr/day, 6/w, 5 mo | HDL-C↑ | PONA↑ AREA↑ |
ApoA-1 = apolipoprotein A-1; AREA = arylesterase activity; CAD = coronary artery disease; CEC = cholesterol efflux capacity; cont. = non-exercise control group; CVD = cardiovascular disease; d = day; DM = diabetes mellitus; erg = ergometer; F = female; hr = hour; HDL-C = HDL cholesterol; M = male; min = minute; mo = month; MS = metabolic syndrome; nonDM = non diabetes mellitus; PONA = paraoxonase activity; w = week; y = year; ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; → = no change.
*CEC was significantly increased when two females with lowest weight change were excluded.