Table 1.
Treatment protocols for severe dyskinesia in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.
| Reference | Age (years)/sex | Anti-NMDAR antibody titers | Agent | Dose | Onset time | Duration | Side effects | Ineffective drugs used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gumbinger et al. (6) | 38/F | CSF: 1:320, serum: 1:3200 | Isoflurane | MAC: started at 1.90, reduced to <0.3 | Immediately | 4 months | No | Tiapride, biperiden, ketamine, midazolam, and propofol |
| Sunwoo et al. (9) | 27/F | CSF: +, serum: + | ECT, Cisatracurium | 192–432 mC with an 800-mA current; 2 sessions/week 4 µg kg−1 min−1, tapered off after each session of ECT |
After 3 sessions Immediately |
6 weeks3 weeks | Not mentioned | AED, benzodiazepine, and olanzapine |
| Seifi and Kitchen (7) | 23/F | CSF: + | Tramadol | 100 mg, Q6h | After the first dose | 10 weeks | No | Ketamine, lorazepam, and dextromethorphan |
| MacMahon et al. (5) | 21/F | CSF: +, serum: − | Ketamine | 20 mg/h | After a few hours | 2 weeks | Not mentioned | Propofol, alfentanil, benzodiazepine, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, and risperidone |
AED, antiepileptic drug; ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; MAC, minimal alveolar concentration; mC, millicoulomb; Q6h, every 6 h; +, positive; −, negative.