Table 1.

Factors known to influence renal SF (1–6)

Promote SF	Inhibit SF
Family history
Urinary calcium
Urinary tract infection	↑Fluid intake
Oxalate	Citrate
Urate	Urinary macromolecules*
Cystine	–Uromodulin
Poor urine flow	–Nephrocalcin
↓Urinary pH	–Trefoil factor
Obesity	↑Urinary pH
Systemic disorders:	Female gender
Diabetes Gout Crohn’s disease
Primary hyperparathyroidsm

^*These molecules generally bind cations and anions in the urine to increase the point at which it becomes supersaturated and precipitation may occur