Table 1.
General demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of participant groups
| Characteristic | Healthy controls | bvFTD | SDa | PNFA | AD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | |||||
| No. (m:f) | 11: 11 | 9: 2 | 4: 2 | 2: 6 | 8: 6 |
| Age (years) | 68.5(5.1) | 65.8 (7.6) | 66.2 (5.2) | 71.5 (7.8) | 68.6 (6.7) |
| Musical training (years) | 4.5(3.4) | 4.8 (3.4) | 4.3 (4.4) | 3 (2.5) | 4.4 (2.9) |
| Musical listening (h/wk) | 9.7(10.1) | 5.5 (4.7)b | 8.8 (8.6)b | 5.5 (7.4) | 8.6 (11.0) |
| Education (years) | 16.7(2.0) | 15.3 (3.4) | 14.2 (3.1) | 16.9 (2.2) | 15 (2.4) |
| MMSE (/30) | N/A | 25 (3.8) | 27 (2.5) | 23 (9.5) | 21 (5.0) |
| Symptom duration (years) | N/A | 9.8 (5.5) | 6.3 (1.8) | 6.9 (3.7) | 6.3 (1.9) |
| Neuropsychological | |||||
| General intellect: IQ | |||||
| WASI verbal IQ | 119 (7.0) | 91 (16.5) | 87 (11.5) | 88 (16.1) | 98 (14.4) |
| WASI performance IQ | 121(10.6) | 104 (15.5) | 114 (19.1) | 103 (18.9) | 90 (21.5) |
| NART estimated premorbid IQ | 122 (4.7) | 108 (12.2) | 107 (12.1) | 104 (15.8) | 113 (9.0) |
| Executive skills | |||||
| WASI Block Design (/71) | 46 (13.0) | 33 (13.4) | 41 (19.8) | 21 (18.1) | 18 (13.8) |
| WASI Matrices (/32) | 25 (4.1) | 21 (5.6) | 24 (6.9) | 20 (6.7) | 13 (7.8) |
| WMS-R digit span forward (/12) | 9 (2.1) | 9 (2.5) | 11 (1.5) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (2.2) |
| WMS-R digit span reverse (/12) | 8 (2.0) | 7 (2.7) | 10 (2.2) | 3 (2.2) | 5 (1.7) |
| D-KEFS Stroop colour (s) | 29 (4.2) | 40 (10.3) | 37 (10.2) | 67 (20.9) | 54 (22.5) |
| D-KEFS Stroop word (s) | 21 (3.7) | 27 (8.0) | 22 (5.3) | 52 (24.6) | 37 (19.4) |
| D-KEFS Stroop interference (s) | 58 (17.1) | 81 (36.2) | 62 (27.5) | 149 (37.3) | 107 (53.2) |
| Letter fluency (F: total)c | 16 (5.5) | 9 (4.6) | 11 (4.9) | 4 (2.7) | 11 (5.0) |
| Category fluency (animals: total) | 24 (5.4) | 12 (3.8) | 6 (2.8) | 10 (3.4) | 12 (5.4) |
| Trails A (s)d | 32 (9.0) | 45 (17.3) | 35 (20.6) | 69 (37.2) | 73 (48.0) |
| Trails B (s) | 73 (20.4) | 148 (81.7) | 89 (48.0) | 233 (67.5) | 175 (62.9) |
| WAIS-R Digit Symbol (total) | 56 (10.7) | 34 (8.7) | 44 (11.2) | 27 (12.0) | 20 (15.6) |
| Episodic memory | |||||
| RMT words (/50) | 48 (1.8) | 37 (8.8) | 33 (6.6) | 47 (3.7) | 30 (5.8) |
| RMT faces (/50) | 44 (4.1) | 33 (6.1) | 32 (8.1) | 37 (5.7) | 33 (6.4) |
| Camden PAL (/24) | 20 (2.5) | 9 (6.6) | 5 (4.5) | 17 (4.5) | 4 (4.0) |
| Language skills | |||||
| WASI Vocabulary (/80) | 71 (3.2) | 50(18.7) | 42 (17.6) | 39 (17.9) | 56 (10.0) |
| WASI Similarities (/48) | 39 (4.8) | 26(8.4) | 22 (8.7) | 28 (7.2) | 26 (11.4) |
| GNT (/30) | 26 (2.2) | 8 (9.4) | 0 (0.8) | 17 (7.7) | 16 (6.7) |
| NART (/50) | 43 (3.6) | 31(11.5) | 28 (10.5) | 30 (12.8) | 36 (7.2) |
| Single word repetition (/45) | N/A | N/A | 45 (1.0) | 33 (15.4) | N/A |
| Sentence repetition (/10) | N/A | N/A | 10 (0.5) | 6 (4.4) | N/A |
| Semantic memory | |||||
| BPVS (/150) | 148 (1.9) | 128(21.2) | 120 (14.8) | 144 (4.8) | 145 (3.0) |
| Synonyms concrete(/25) | N/A | N/A | 18 (2.6) | 22 (2.9) | N/A |
| Synonyms abstract(/25) | N/A | N/A | 17 (3.2) | 21 (3.5) | N/A |
| Posterior cortical skills | |||||
| GDA (/24) | 16 (5.0) | 13(6.6) | 12(8. 4) | 5 (4.1) | 5 (6.3) |
| VOSP Object Decision (/20) | 19 (1.6) | 17(1.9) | 17 (2.7) | 16 (5.6) | 16 (3.4) |
Notes: Mean (SD) scores are shown unless otherwise indicated; maximum scores are shown after tests (in parentheses). Bold denotes significantly different (P < 0.05) to the healthy control group.
AD, patient group with typical Alzheimer’s disease; BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (Dunn LM et al., 1982); bvFTD, patient group with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; D-KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System (Delis et al., 2001); GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic (Jackson and Warrington, 1986); GNT, Graded Naming Test (McKenna and Warrington, 1983); MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score; N/A, not assessed; NART, National Adult Reading Test (Nelson, 1982); PAL, Paired Associate Learning test (Warrington, 1996); PIQ, performance IQ; PNFA, patient group with progressive non-fluent aphasia; RMT, Recognition Memory Test (Warrington, 1984); SD, patient group with semantic dementia; Synonyms, Concrete and Abstract Word Synonyms Test (Warrington et al., 1998); SD, semantic dementia; VIQ, verbal IQ; VOSP, Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery (Warrington and James, 1991); WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised (Wechsler, 1981); WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1997); WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised (Wechsler, 1987).
Three patients (two with musicophilia) had predominantly left-sided temporal lobe atrophy, one (with musicophilia) had predominantly right-sided temporal lobe atrophy and two (also with musicophilia) had more symmetrical, bilateral temporal lobe atrophy.
includes patients with musicophilia (five in SD group, one in bvFTD group);
Words generated in 1 min beginning with letter F (Gladsjo et al., 1999).
Time to complete Trails in seconds (maximum time achievable 2.5 min on task A, 5 min on task B) (Lezak et al., 2004).