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. 2018 Feb 26;9:843. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03223-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Rapid breathing is elicited by phasic inhibition during inspiration. a, b Example XII activity at baseline and during unilateral or bilateral light stimulation during the inspiratory or expiratory phase in vagus-intact (a) and vagotomized (b) Vgat-ChR2 mice. Expanded view demonstrates precise timing of light pulses triggered by the onset of inspiration. Note the irregular rhythm elicited by contralateral stimulation. c Quantified changes in frequency, Ti, Te, and XII amplitude during bilateral inspiratory light stimulation in vagus-intact (n = 5; black) and vagotomized (n = 3; pink) mice (mean ± s.e.m.; two-way ANOVA and Bonferonni’s multiple comparisons test; ****p < 0.0001). d, e Model of interactions between excitatory and inhibitory preBötC populations controlling breathing frequency. Representation of the heterogeneous organization of the preBötC and simplified pathway from sensory input to rhythmogenesis to behavioral output (d). Hypothesized interactions between preBötC subpopulations (e). Line weight indicates the relative strength of connections. Interactions determine the activity pattern of each neuron type (right)