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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 27.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2008 May;44(3):666–680. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.666

Table 1.

Demographic Statistics and Tests of Group Differences for Rural and Metropolitan Families in Argentina, Italy, and the United States

Argentina
Italy
United States
Variable M SD M SD M SD F(2, 97)
Rural
n 30 30 40
Mother age at child’s birth      21.88     3.53      24.61     4.86      24.04     5.38   2.82
Mother education        3.47a     1.28        2.53b     1.07        4.35c     1.19 20.25***
Mother employment (% employed) 46.67 33.33 60.00
Mother hours of employment      27.29a   12.31      35.00a   14.12      35.96a     6.49   3.35*
Father age at child’s birth      25.20     3.68      27.31     4.65      27.81     5.59   2.45a
Father education        3.21a     1.26        2.47b     1.04        4.26c     0.85 25.76***b
Family socioeconomic status      25.12a   16.31      22.13a     8.22      35.58b     7.80 14.34***
Marital status (% married) 73.33 100 72.50
Child birth weight (grams) 3,323.33a 323.27 3,176.67a 369.70 3,570.83b 503.32   8.03***
Child gender (% female) 53.33 46.67 50.00
Child age at visit (in months)      20.22     0.32      20.16     0.27      20.09     0.23   2.08
Metropolitan
n 40 40 40
Mother age at child’s birth      27.19     5.38      29.27     3.18      28.42     5.21   1.98
Mother education        4.40a     1.43        4.53a     1.34        5.55b     1.40   8.26***
Mother employment (% employed) 57.50 57.50 67.50
Mother hours of employment      26.48   13.10      29.65     9.71      34.30   12.97   2.66
Father age at child’s birth      29.10a     5.62      32.90b     4.01      31.64a,b     6.05   5.34**
Father education        4.35a     1.37        4.47a     1.24        5.45b     1.41   8.05***
Family socioeconomic status      41.84   13.70      44.09   10.15      48.24   13.90   2.62
Marital status (% married) 77.50 100 92.50
Child birth weight (grams) 3,356.88 475.47 3,342.25 403.82 3,535.05 459.64   2.30
Child gender (% female) 47.50 40.00 50.00
Child age at visit (in months)      20.65       .44      19.36     4.44      20.14       .22   2.57

Note. Means with different subscripts differed significantly at p < .05 in Tukey’s honestly significant difference post hoc comparisons. Mother and father education data were collected at a 5-month visit and are rated on the 7-point Hollingshead (1975) education scale. Family socioeconomic status was measured by the Hollingshead (1975) Four-Factor Index of Social Status.

a

Degrees of freedom are (2, 91) because of missing data.

b

Degrees of freedom are (2, 94) because of missing data.

*

p ≤ .05.

**

p ≤ .01.

***

p ≤ .001.