Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 27.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2017 Nov 2;359(6371):97–103. doi: 10.1126/science.aan4236

Figure 1. Enhanced gut microbiome diversity is associated with improved response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Figure 1

(A) Schema of sample collection and analyses. (B) Stacked bar plot of phylogenetic composition of common bacterial taxa (>0.1% abundance) at the order level in oral (n=109, top) and fecal (n=53, bottom) samples by 16S rRNA sequencing. (C) Inverse Simpson diversity scores of the gut microbiome in R (n=30) and NR (n=13) to anti PD-1 immunotherapy by Mann-Whitney (MW) test. Error bars represent the distribution of diversity scores. (D) Phylogenetic composition of fecal samples (n=39) at the family level (>0.1% abundance) at baseline. High (blue) (>11.63, n=13), intermediate (gold) (7.46-11.63, n=13) and low (red) (<7.46, n=13) diversity groups were determined using tertiles of Inverse Simpson scores. (E) Kaplan-Meier (KM) plot of progression-free survival (PFS) by fecal diversity; high (median PFS undefined), intermediate (median PFS=232 days), and low (median PFS=188 days). High vs intermediate diversity (HR 3.60, 95% C.I. 1.02-12.74) and high vs low (HR 3.57, 95% C.I. 1.02-12.52) by univariate Cox model. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. (F) Principal coordinate analysis of fecal samples (n=43) by response using Weighted UniFrac distances.