Table 2.
Fibre and macronutrient intakes from FFQ in children in ALSPAC aged 38 months by picky eating score at 38 months and a combined picky eating score for 24 and 38 months.
| Diet at 38 months (FFQ) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0a | 1b | 2b | 3 | |
| PE score at 38 moc | ||||
| n | 4307 | 3837 | 1400 | – |
| Fibre (g/day) | 9.1 (9.0, 9.2) | –0.4 (–0.5, –0.2)*** | –1.4 (–1.6, –1.2)*** | – |
| % below UK proposed RDIe | 77.8 | 80.7 | 86.2 | – |
| Energy (kJ/day) | 5307 (5267, 5346) | –47 (–116, 23) | –255 (–353, –158)*** | – |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 167 (166, 168) | –1 (–3, 2) | –6 (–9, –2)*** | – |
| Fat (g/day) | 50.1 (49.7, 50.5) | –0.2 (–1.0, 0.5) | –1.8 (–2.8, –0.8)*** | – |
| Protein (g/day) | 45.8 (45.5, 46.2) | –1.5 (–2.1, –0.9)*** | –5.5 (–6.3, –4.6)*** | – |
| Free sugars (g/day) | 48.2 (47.6, 48.8) | 0.9 (–0.2, 2.0) | 1.7 (0.1, 3.2)* | – |
| Combined PE scored | ||||
| n | 3455 | 3766 | 1040 | 568 |
| Fibre (g/day) | 9.2 (9.1, 9.3) | –1.4 (–0.6, –0.2)*** | –1.1 (–1.4, –0.9)*** | –1.6 (–2.0, –1.3)*** |
| % below UK proposed RDIe | 77.4 | 80.9 | 85.4 | 86.4 |
| Energy (kJ/day) | 5303 (5259, 5346) | –65 (–147, 16) | –175 (–297, –52)*** | –315 (–472, –158)*** |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 167 (165,168) | –2 (–4, 1) | –5 (–9, –1)* | –8 (–13, –2)*** |
| Fat (g/day) | 50.0 (49.6, 50.5) | –0.4 (–1.2, 0.5) | –1.0 (–2.2, 0.3) | –2.2 (–3.8, –0.5)** |
| Protein (g/day) | 45.6 (45.5, 46.2) | –1.4 (–2.1, –0.8)*** | –3.7 (–4.7, –2.6)*** | –6.7 (–8.0, –5.4)*** |
| Free sugars (g/day) | 48.0 (47.3, 48.6) | 0.4 (–0.8, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.8, 3.0) | 1.8 (–0.7, 4.2) |
FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; PE, picky eating; RDI, recommended daily intake.
Dietary fibre is measured as non-starch polysaccharide (NSP).
Values significantly different from 0 category: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 (ANOVA with multiple comparisons).
Values are mean (95% CI); singletons only.
Values are mean differences (95% CI) from reference category; singletons only.
PE score: Does your child have definite likes and dislikes as far as food is concerned? 0, no; 1, yes, quite choosy; 2, yes, very choosy.
Combined PE score: 0, score 0 at both time points (24 months and 38 months); 1, score 1 at either or both time points; 2, score 2 once; 3, score 2 at both time points.
Proposed UK guideline of 15 g AOAC fibre/day for children ages 2–5 years old (equivalent to 11 g NSP fibre/day) (Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, 2014).