Table 3.
Main food group sources of dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharide) (food weight in g/week, g fibre/week and % of total fibre) assessed in children in ALSPAC by parental-completion FFQ at age 38 months by picky eating score at age 38 months and by combined picky eating score for ages 24 and 38 months.
| Diet at 38 months (FFQ) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0a | 1b | 2b | 3 | P valuec | |
| PE score at 38 mod | |||||
| n | 4307 | 3837 | 1400 | ||
| Potatoes | |||||
| Chips/roast | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 215 (211, 219) | 3 (−4, 10) | 6 (−5, 16) | − | 0.578 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 4.3 (4.3, 4.4) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | 1.8 (0.0, 0.4) | − | 0.124 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 7.3 (7.1, 7.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | − | <0.001 |
| Boiled/mashed | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 211 (208, 215) | −13 (−20, −6) | −66 (−75, −56) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 2.4 (2.4, 2.5) | −0.15 (−0.23, −0.07) | −0.8 (−0.9, −0.6) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | −0.7 (−0.9, −0.5) | − | <0.001 |
| Crisps | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 67 (66, 69) | 3 (0, 5) | 5 (1, 8) | − | 0.002 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.7) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | − | 0.002 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 1.56 (1.3, 1.8) | − | <0.001 |
| Rice/pasta | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 268 (262, 273) | −4 (−15, 6) | −46 (−60, −31) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 1.9 (1.9, 2.0) | 0.03 (−0.1, 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.1) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 3.1 (3.1,3.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | − | 0.079 |
| Breakfast cereal | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 248 (243, 254) | −19 (−28, −9) | −38 (−51, −25) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 10.2 (10.0, 10.5) | −0.8 (−1.2, −0.3) | −1.8 (−0.4, −1.2) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 15.3 (14.9, 15.6) | −0.6 (−1.2, 0.0) | −0.8 (−1.7, 0.0) | − | 0.063 |
| Bread | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 395 (388, 403) | 7 (−7, 21) | 9 (−10, 29) | − | 0.675 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 12.9 (12.4, 13.1) | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.0) | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.2) | − | 1.000 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 18.5 (18.1, 18.9) | 1.21 (0.5, 2.0) | 3.2 (2.2, 4.2) | − | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 440 (433, 447) | −90 (−102, −78) | −227 (−244, 211) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 9.9 (9.70, 10.0) | −2.0 (−2.2, −1.7) | −5.0 (−5.3, −4.9) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 15.7 (15.5, 15.9) | −2.6 (−3.0, −2.3) | −6.8 (−7.3, −6.2) | − | <0.001 |
| Fruits | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 384 (378, 389) | −5 (−16, 6) | −56 (−71, −41) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 5.5 (5.4, 5.6) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | −0.8 (−1.0, −0.6) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 8.9 (8.7, 9.0) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.7) | − | 0.173 |
| Baked beans | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 101 (146, 152) | −12 (−18, −6) | −29 (−37, −21) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5) | −0.4 (−0.7, −0.2) | −1.5 (−1.8, −1.2) | − | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 8.63 (8.5, 8.8) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.2) | −1.6 (−2.1, −1.1) | − | <0.001 |
| Combined PE scoree | |||||
| n | 3455 | 3766 | 1040 | 568 | |
| Potatoes | |||||
| Chips/roast | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 231 (209, 217) | 2 (−6, 11) | 10 (−3, 12) | 5.4 (−11, 22) | 1.000 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.3 (−0.01, 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.676 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 7.1 (7.0, 7.3) | 0.6 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 2.2 (1.5, 2.8) | <0.001 |
| Boiled/mashed | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 215 (211, 220) | −15 (−24, −7) | −44 (−56, −31) | −95 (−111, −79) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.5) | −1.2 (−2.3, −0.1) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.4) | −1.1 (−1.3, −0.9) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.1) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.3 (−0.6, −0.1) | −1.3 (−1.7, −1.0) | <0.001 |
| Crisps | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 67 (66, 67) | 2 (−1, 5) | 3 (−1, 8) | 8 (2, 13) | 0.002 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.7) | 0.1 (−0.02, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.04, 0.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.002 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.6) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | <0.001 |
| Rice/pasta | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 266 (260, 273) | 1 (−11, 14) | −31 (−50, −13) | −53 (−77, −30) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 1.9 (1.9, 2.0) | 0.1 (−0.02, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.02) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.1) | 0.003 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.02, 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.547 |
| Breakfast cereal | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 251 (245, 257) | −22 (−33, −12) | −35 (−51, −18) | −48 (−69, −28) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 10.3 (10.1, 10.6) | −0.9 (−1.4, −0.4) | −1.6 (−2.4, −0.8) | −2.4 (−3.3, −1.4) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 15.4 (15.0, 15.7) | −0.8 (−1.5, −0.1) | −0.8 (−1.8, 0.3) | −1.7 (−2.7, −0.02) | 0.044 |
| Bread | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 396 (387, 404) | 4 (−13, 20) | 1 (−24, 25) | 13 (−18, 44) | 1.000 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 12.9 (12.5, 13.2) | 0.3 (−0.5, 1.0) | −0.5 (−1.5, 0.6) | 0.8 (−0.6, 2.2) | 0.834 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 18.5 (18.1, 18.9) | 1.2 (0.3, 2.0) | 1.7 (0.4, 2.3) | 4.6 (2.9, 6.2) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 445 (437, 453) | −85 (−99, −71) | −175 (−197, −154) | −256 (−284, −229) | 0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 10.0 (9.8, 10.1) | −1.9 (−2.2, −1.5) | −3.8 (−4.2, −3.3) | −5.7 (−6.3, −5.1) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 15.8 (15.5, 16.0) | −2.4 (−2.8, −1.9) | −4.9 (−5.6, −4.2) | −7.7 (−8.6, −6.8) | <0.001 |
| Fruits | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 388 (381, 394) | −6 (−19, 6) | −51 (−70, −32) | −54 (−79, −30) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 5.6 (5.5, 5.7) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.7 (−1.0, −0.5) | −0.8 (−1.1, −0.4) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 8.9 (8.8, 9.1) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.4) | 0.009 |
| Baked beans | |||||
| Weight (g/week) | 150 (146, 153) | −14 (−21, −7) | −28 (−39, −18) | −54 (−67, −40) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/week) | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.3) | −1.0 (−1.4, −0.7) | −1.9 (−2.4, −1.5) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (% of total fibre) | 5.7 (8.5, 8.8) | −0.5 (−0.9, −0.1) | −0.9 (−1.5, −0.3) | −2.3 (−3.1, −1.6) | <0.001 |
FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; PE, picky eating.
a
Values are mean (95% CI).
b
Values are mean differences (95% CI) from reference category; singletons only.
c
P values are for comparison of highest PE score with reference category (0) (ANOVA).
d
PE score: Does your child have definite likes and dislikes as far as food is concerned? 0, no; 1, yes, quite choosy; 2, Yes, very choosy.
e
Combined PE score: 0, score 0 at both time points (24 months and 38 months); 1, score 1 at either or both time points; 2, score 2 once; 3, score 2 at both time points.