Table 1.
Treatment and comparison states
| Treatment state, effective date | Study period | Eligible comparison states (“control pool”) See footnotes for opioid prescribing legal environment criteria used to select control pool states |
|---|---|---|
| Mandatory PDMP enrollment law | ||
| CO, 1/1/15 | 1/1/13–12/31/16 | IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| ID, 7/1/14 | 7/1/12–6/30/16 | CA, IA, KS, MI, MN, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| IL, 9/9/15 | 9/9/13–8/8/17 | IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| NM, 1/1/11 | 1/1/09–12/31/12 | AL, CO, CT, ID, IN, IA, MA, MI, MN, NV, NY, ND, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA, WY1 |
| UT, 9/30/10 | 9/30/08–9/29/12 | AL, CO, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NV, NY, OK, PA, RI, SC, VA, WV, WY1 |
| Mandatory PDMP query law | ||
| IN, 11/1/14 | 11/1/12–10/31/16 | CA, IA, KS, MI, MN, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| NY, 8/27/13 | 8/27/11–8/26/15 | CA, CO, IA, KS, MI, MN, NV, NJ, ND, OR, RI, SC, SD, WY1 |
| OK, 11/1/15 | 11/1/13–10/31/17 | IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| PA, 6/30/15 | 6/30/13–6/29/17 | IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| VA, 7/1/15 | 7/1/13–6/30/17 | IA, KS, MI, MT, NE, ND, OR, SC, SD, WY1 |
| Prescribing cap law | ||
| CT, 7/1/16 | 7/1/15–6/30/18 | IN, NH, NJ, PA, VA, VT3,4 |
| NH, 7/1/18 | 7/1/16–6/31/20 | IN, NJ, OK, PA, and VA3 |
| NY, 7/1/16 | 7/1/15–6/30/18 | IN, NH, NJ, PA, VA, VT3,4 |
| RI, 7/1/16 | 7/1/15–6/30/18 | IN, NH, NJ, PA, VA, VT3,4 |
| VT, 7/1/18 | 7/1/16–6/31/20 | IN, NJ, OK, PA, VA3 |
| Pill mill law | ||
| MS, 3/1/11 | 3/1/09–2/28/13 | AL, CO, ID, IN, IA, MI, NV, NY, ND, OK, PA, RI, SC, VA, WY2 |
| OH, 7/1/2011 | 7/1/09–6/30/13 | AL, CO, ID, IN, IA, MA, MI, NV, NY, ND, OK, PA, RI, SC, VA, WY2 |
| TX, 9/1/10 | 9/1/08–8/31/12 | AL, CO, CT, ID, IL, IN, KT, MA, MI, NV, NY, OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, VA, WV, WY2 |
1Treatment states transitioned from having a voluntary PDMP law in the pre-law period to a mandatory PDMP enrollment/query law in the post-law period; all treatment/control pool states had voluntary PDMP, physical exam, and doctor shopping laws—and no other laws of interest or potentially confounding laws—in effect for the entire study period
2Treatment/control pool states had voluntary PDMP, physical exam, and doctor shopping laws—and no other laws of interest or potentially confounding laws—in effect for the entire study period
3Treatment/control pool states had physical exam, doctor shopping, and mandatory PDMP query laws—and no other laws of interest or potentially confounding laws—in effect for the entire study period
4Three-year study period (1 year pre-law/2 years post-law). If a 4-year study period is applied, Indiana is the only eligible control pool state