Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the trial groups participating in the study at offspring age of six years (mean or frequency and 95% confidence interval*)
| Intervention | Control | p-value | Missing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 71 | 76 | ||
| Age of mother before pregnancy (years) | 31.8 (30.4 to 33.1) | 30.2 (29.0 to 31.5) | 0.09a | – |
| Mother’s education | 0.90c | – | ||
| Low | 29.6% (20.2% to 41.0%) | 27.6% (18.8% to 38.6%) | ||
| Medium | 42.2% (31.5% to 53.8%) | 46.1% (35.3% to 57.2%) | ||
| High | 28.2% (19.0% to 39.5%) | 26.3% (17.7% to 37.2%) | ||
| Father’s education | 0.30c | – | ||
| Low | 31.0% (21.4% to 42.5%) | 35.5% (25.7% to 46.7%) | ||
| Medium | 35.2% (25.1% to 46.8%) | 42.1% (31.6% to 53.3%) | ||
| High | 33.8% (23.9% to 45.4%) | 22.4% (14.5% to 32.9%) | ||
| Mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (26.3 to 28.5) | 26.6 (25.6 to 27.5) | 0.25a | – |
| Proportion of mothers with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 23.9% (15.5% to 35.0%) | 18.4% (11.3% to 28.6%) | 0.41c | – |
| Father’s BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (26.0 to 27.7) | 27.1 (26.1 to 28.1) | 0.69b | 2, 3 |
| Proportion of fathers with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 17.4% (10.2% to 28.0%) | 16.4% (9.7% to 26.6%) | 0.88c | 2, 3 |
| Mother, type 2 diabetes | 0.0% (0% to 5.2%) | 1.3% (0.2% to 7.1%) | 1.00d | 1, 0 |
| Father, type 2 diabetes | 1.4% (0.3% to 7.8%) | 1.4% (0.2% to 7.3%) | 1.00d | 2, 2 |
| Proportion of grandparent with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 52.3% (40.4% to 64.0%) | 56.3% (44.8% to 67.3%) | 0.38c | 6, 5 |
| Parity | 0.28c | – | ||
| Primiparous | 59.2% (47.5% to 69.8%) | 46.0% (35.3% to 57.2%) | ||
| Second pregnancy | 23.9% (15.5% to 35.0%) | 32.9% (23.4% to 44.1%) | ||
| At least third pregnancy | 16.9% (9.9% to 27.3%) | 21.1% (13.4% to 31.5%) | ||
| History of newborn > 4500 g | 2.9% (0.8% to 9.8%) | 3.9% (1.4% to 11.0%) | 0.72c | 1, 0 |
| Mother smoking during pregnancy | 1.4% (0.2% to 7.6%) | 9.2% (4.5% to 17.8%) | 0.04c | – |
| Mother’s physical activity (hours/week) during first trimester of pregnancy (before intervention) | 4.5 (3.7 to 5.2) | 4.5 (3.6 to 5.3) | 0.38b | 2, 3 |
| OGTT (weeks 26–28 of gestation) | ||||
| Pathological OGTT result (0 h ≥ 5.3 or | ||||
| 1 h ≥ 10.0 or 2 h ≥ 8.6 mmol/l) | 23.9% (15.5% to 35.0%) | 46.1% (35.3% to 57.2%) | 0.01c | – |
| Gestational weight gain until 37 weeks (kg) | 11.3 (10.2 to 12.4) | 12.9 (11.6 to 14.3) | 0.08a | 2, 0 |
| Neonatal outcomes | ||||
| Gestational age at birth | 39.5 (39.1 to 39.9) | 39.4 (39.1 to 39.7) | 0.53b | – |
| Sex of newborn (boy) | 53.5% (42.0% to 64.6%) | 52.6% (41.6% to 63.5%) | 0.91c | – |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3455 (3333 to 3576) | 3509 (3407 to 3611) | 0.49a | – |
| Large for gestational age | 5.6% (2.2% to 13.6%) | 6.6% (2.8% to 14.5%) | 0.81c | – |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (months) | 3.2 (2.7 to 3.7) | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.2) | 0.16b | 1, 0 |
aIndependent-samples t-test. bMann–Whitney U-test. cChi-squared test. dFisher’s exact test
*Wilson score method for interval without continuity correction
BMI body mass index, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test (2-h)