Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Sample (N = 1711).
| Demographics | Overall | Males | Females | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offspring Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 859 (49.8) | |||
| Female | 852 (50.2) | |||
| Maternal Race, n (%) | 0.55 | |||
| Caucasian | 1304 (76.3) | 659 (76.7) | 645 (75.8) | |
| African American | 317 (18.5) | 152 (17.7) | 165 (19.4) | |
| Asian | 89 (5.2) | 48 (5.6) | 41 (4.8) | |
| Maternal Education, n (%) | 0.99 | |||
| Less than or equal to H.S. | 782 (45.8) | 393 (45.8) | 389 (45.8) | |
| Greater than H.S. | 927 (54.2) | 466 (54.3) | 461 (54.2) | |
| Birth Weight (g), M (SD) | 3365.1 (516.3) | 3444.5 (514.8) | 3285.0 (505.62) | <0.01* |
| Gestational Age at Interview (weeks), M (SD) | 15.3 (6.8) | 15.2 (6.7) | 15.4 (6.9) | 0.45 |
| Gestational Age at Birth (weeks), M (SD) | 40.0 (2.2) | 40.0 (2.1) | 40.1 (2.4) | 0.78 |
| Maternal Age, M (SD) | 29.0 (6.0) | 29.0 (5.9) | 29.0 (6.2) | 0.86 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy n (%) | 589 (34.4) | 316 (36.8) | 273 (32.0) | 0.04* |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Ambivalent Feelings About Pregnancy, n (%) | 205 (12.0) | 99 (11.5) | 106 (12.4) | 0.55 |
| Ailments of Pregnancy, n (%) | 63 (3.7) | 33 (3.8) | 30 (3.5) | 0.72 |
| Medical Life Events, n (%) | 55 (3.2) | 27 (3.1) | 28 (3.3) | 0.87 |
| Negative Affect About Preg Ailments, n (%) | 40 (2.3) | 19 (2.2) | 21 (2.5) | 0.73 |
| Negative Feelings About Pregnancy, n (%) | 189 (11.1) | 102 (11.9) | 87 (10.2) | 0.27 |
| Non-traumatic Life Events, n (%) | 432 (25.3) | 211 (24.6) | 221 (25.9) | 0.51 |
| Positive Feelings About Pregnancy, n (%) | 756 (44.2) | 373 (43.4) | 383 (45.0) | 0.52 |
| Perceived Stress, n (%) | 365 (21.3) | 189 (22.0) | 176 (20.7) | 0.50 |
| Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety, n (%) | 251 (14.7) | 126 (14.7) | 125 (14.7) | 0.99 |
| Reported Anxiety, n (%) | 571 (33.4) | 286 (33.3) | 285 (33.5) | 0.94 |
| Reported Depression, n (%) | 117 (6.8) | 60 (7.0) | 57 (6.7) | 0.81 |
| Routine Daily Hassles, n (%) | 570 (33.3) | 269 (31.3) | 301 (35.3) | 0.08 |
| Traumatic Life Events, n (%) | 96 (5.6) | 52 (6.1) | 44 (5.2) | 0.42 |
| Childhood Internalizing Symptoms, M (SD) | 2.7 (2.3) | 2.6 (2.3) | 2.8 (2.3) | 0.20 |
| Childhood Conduct Symptoms, M (SD) | 51.3 (9.7) | 51.4 (9.5) | 51.3 (9.9) | 0.87 |
| Childhood Peabody Scores, M (SD) | 23.4 (5.1) | 23.2 (5.1) | 23.6 (5.1) | 0.12 |
| Adolescent Depression Scores, M (SD) | 114.8 (15.4) | 116.5 (14.3) | 113.1 (16.2) | <0.01* |
| Adolescent Peabody Scores, M (SD) | 205.0 (12.0) | 99.0 (11.5) | 106.0 (12.4) | 0.55 |
Note. For males, the following variables had missing data: gestational at interview (n = 7); gestational age (n = 7); maternal age (n = 2); childhood inhibition symptoms (n = 518); childhood Peabody scores (n = 14); adolescent depression scores (n = 70), adolescent Peabody scores (n = 21).
For females, the following variables had missing data: maternal education (n = 2); gestational age at interview (n = 3); gestational age (n = 3); maternal age (n = 2); childhood inhibition symptoms (n = 517); childhood Peabody scores (n = 18); adolescent depression scores (n = 41); adolescent Peabody scores (n = 8).
P-values correspond to tests of sex differences (t-tests for continuous or count variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables).