Fig. 2.

Range size vs. abundance change for 183 mountain plant species of the European Alps. Changes are proportional to the respective historical values. Blue pyramids depict winners (i.e., species with increased elevational range sizes and increased abundances), red inverted pyramids depict losers (i.e., those with decreases in both of these range attributes), and dots symbolize species which combine loss in one attribute with gain in the other one. Closed darker dots to the right of the diagonal dashed line can be considered as net winners (gain in one attribute > loss in the other one), and open dots to the left of this line can be considered as net losers (gain in one attribute < loss in the other one).