Fig. 2.

NR improves long-term potentiation. (A and B) Pathways in the hippocampi of NR- and vehicle-treated mice of each genotype were compared. Pathways that showed ≥1.5-fold change in at least one genotype are shown. We have fixed the order of the samples but allowed the clustering of the pathways based on row means. In hippocampus, immune-related pathways were the most abundant. We divided the pathways into immune-related pathways (A) and all other pathways (B). Blue color indicates the pathways related to neurotransmitters, synaptic function, muscle contraction, and so forth. (C) Illustration showing locations of the stimulating and recording electrodes for electrophysiological analyses of synaptic transmission at CA1 neuron synapses. (D and E) Results of analyses of LTP measured at the Schaffer collateral synapses. For D and E, values are the mean and SEM of determinations made on eight hippocampal slices from at least five different mice. EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.