Table 2.
Unadjusted Univariate Comparison and Multivariate Logistic Regression of Predictors of Early (≤24h) versus Late (>24h) Mortality for Pediatric Trauma Patients (0–14 y).
| Early Mortality (≤24h) |
Late Mortality (>24h) | Unadjusted | Multivariate Logistic Regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Median (IQR) |
N | Median (IQR) | p-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | |
| Age, y | 4027 | 5 (2, 11) | 1436 | 4 (1, 11) | <0.01 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.01 |
| N | N (%) | N | N (%) | ||||
| Gender | 4021 | 1434 | 0.12 | ||||
| Male | 2532 (63.0 | 870 (60.7) | Reference | ||||
| Female | 1489 (37.0) | 564 (39.3) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.76 | |||
| Race | 4027 | 1436 | 0.08 | ||||
| White | 1819 (45.2) | 711 (49.51) | Reference | ||||
| Asian | 68 (1.7) | 26 (1.81) | 1.00 (0.56, 1.78) | 0.99 | |||
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 15 (0.4) | 3 (0.21) | 1.88 (0.42, 8.43) | 0.41 | |||
| Other Race | 674 (16.7) | 241 (16.8) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 0.6 | |||
| American Indian | 25 (0.6) | 6 (0.4) | 1.76 (0.56, 5.49) | 0.33 | |||
| Black or African American | 1068 (26.5) | 344 (24.0) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 0.65 | |||
| Multiracial | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0.19 (0.02, 1.96) | 0.16 | |||
| Race not Specified | 355 (8.8) | 103 (7.2) | 1.10 (0.79, 1.54) | 0.58 | |||
| Ethnicity | 4027 | 1436 | 0.68 | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 820 (20.4) | 277 (19.3) | Reference | ||||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 2120 (52.6) | 769 (53.6) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.38) | 0.73 | |||
| Ethnicity not Specified | 1087 (27.0) | 390 (27.2) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | 0.18 | |||
| Mechanism | 4027 | 1436 | <0.01 | ||||
| Blunt | 3238 (80.4) | 1311 (91.3) | Reference | ||||
| Penetrating | 761 (18.9) | 123 (8.6) | 1.83 (1.40, 2.39) | <0.01 | |||
| Combined | 28 (0.7) | 2 (0.1) | 3.51 (0.74, 16.53) | 0.11 | |||
| N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | ||||
| AIS Head and Neck | 3959 | 4 (0, 5) | 1425 | 5 (4, 5) | <0.01 | 0.81 (0.78, 0.84) | <0.01 |
| AIS Face | 3959 | 0 (0, 1) | 1425 | 0 (0, 1) | <0.01 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.68 |
| AIS Chest | 3959 | 0 (0, 3) | 1425 | 0 (0, 3) | 0.41 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.02 |
| AIS Abdomen | 3959 | 0 (0, 1) | 1425 | 0 (0, 2) | 0.67 | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | <0.01 |
| AIS Extremity | 3959 | 0 (0, 2) | 1425 | 0 (0, 2) | 0.16 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.87 |
| AIS External | 3959 | 0 (0, 0) | 1425 | 0 (0, 0) | 0.05 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 0.71 |
| N | N (%) | N | N (%) | ||||
| Hospital Procedures in First 24h* | |||||||
| Endotracheal Intubation | 3912 | 30 (0.8) | 1414 | 32 (2.3) | <0.01 | 0.32 (0.16, 0.65) | <0.01 |
| Chest Tube Placement | 3912 | 653 (16.7) | 1414 | 170 (12.0) | <0.01 | 1.57 (1.22, 2.02) | <0.01 |
| ICP Monitor | 3912 | 258 (4.0) | 1414 | 461 (32.6) | <0.01 | 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) | <0.01 |
| Placement | |||||||
| Transfusion | 3912 | 714 (18.3) | 1414 | 509 (36.0) | <0.01 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.24 |
| Craniotomy | 3912 | 163 (4.2) | 1414 | 442 (31.3) | <0.01 | 0.33 (0.26, 0.42) | <0.01 |
| Thoracotomy | 3912 | 540 (13.8) | 1414 | 93 (6.6) | <0.01 | 1.36 (1.01, 1.84) | 0.04 |
| Laparotomy | 3912 | 541 (13.8) | 1414 | 398 (28.2) | <0.01 | 0.69 (0.56, 0.86) | <0.01 |
| Procedure for Extremity Hemorrhage Control | 3912 | 7 (0.2) | 1414 | 5 (0.4) | 0.32 | 0.65 (0.15, 2.86) | 0.57 |
| Angiography | 3912 | 860 (22.0) | 1414 | 747 (52.8) | <0.01 | 0.42 (0.35, 0.50) | <0.01 |
| Bradycardia | 3691 | 2249 (60.9) | 1395 | 321 (23.0) | <0.01 | 2.19 (1.77, 2.71) | <0.01 |
| Tachycardia | 3691 | 720 (19.5) | 1395 | 543 (38.9) | <0.01 | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) | 0.12 |
| Hypotension | 4027 | 1436 | <0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 2327 (57.8) | 331 (23.1) | Reference | ||||
| No | 1218 (30.3) | 1025 (71.4) | 0.42 (0.35, 0.51) | <0.01 | |||
| Not reported | 482 (12.0) | 80 (5.6) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) | 0.82 | |||
| Payment | 4027 | 1436 | <0.01 | ||||
| Private Insurance | 1330 (33.0) | 456 (31.8) | Reference | ||||
| No Insurance | 923 (22.9) | 211 (14.7) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.20) | 0.61 | |||
| Medical/Medicaid | 1270 (31.5) | 586 (40.8) | 0.58 (0.48, 0.70) | <0.01 | |||
| Payment not Specified | 504 (12.5) | 183 (12.7) | 0.60 (0.46, 0.79) | <0.01 | |||
AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale; IQR = interquartile range; ICP = intracranial pressure
*
Hospital procedures were not mutually exclusive from one another.