Table 1.

Seven food system metrics, their indicators, and data sources

Metric	Indicator	Median	Source	GDP correlation
Food Nutrient Adequacy		61		0.53
	Shannon Diversity of Food Supply	74	Remans et al.33	0.42
	Non-Staple Food Energy	46	Remans et al.33	0.72
	Modified Functional Attribute Diversity	77	Remans et al.33	0.70
	Population Share with Adequate Nutrients	76	This study	0.64
	Nutrient Balance Score	75	This study	0.46
	Disqualifying Nutrient Score	12	This study	− 0.74
Ecosystem Stability		47		− 0.36
	Ecosystem Status	43	Hsu et al.34	0.51
	Per-Capita GHG Emissions	51	This study	− 0.79
	Per-Capita blue water consumption	50	This study	− 0.75
	Per-Capita Land Use	50	Alexander et al.9	− 0.09
	Per-Capita Non-Renewable Energy Use	28	World Bank59	0.00
	Per-Capita Biodiversity Footprint	50	Chaudhary et al.28	0.02
Affordability and Availability		63		0.83
	Food Affordability	54	GFSI37	0.85
	GFSI Food Availability Score	56	GFSI37	0.80
	Poverty Index	88	GFSI37	0.82
	Income Equality	62	World Bank60	0.24
Sociocultural Wellbeing		60		0.71
	Gender Equity	68	WEF39	0.43
	Extent of Child Labor	50	ILO40	0.59
	Respect for Community Rights	60	WRI41	0.63
	Animal Health and Welfare	60	API42	0.70
Resilience		57		0.64
	ND-GAIN Country Index	52	Chen et al.43	0.80
	Food Production Diversity	64	Remans et al.33	−0.20
Food Safety		71		0.76
	Global Burden of Foodborne Illnesses	50	WHO45	0.70
	Food Safety Score	88	GFSI37	0.80
Waste and Loss Reduction	Pre- and Post-Consumer Food Waste and Loss	68	FAO46	−0.68

The global median value of each indicator (normalized to 0–100 scale) across 156 countries is shown. Metric score in bold is the arithmetic average of its underlying indicator scores (see Supplementary Data 1 for all indicator values per country). Spearman’s rank correlation (ρ) between GDP per capita and indicator values of different countries is also shown. See Supplementary Data 5 for correlation value of all 25 × 25 indicator combinations