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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 28.
Published in final edited form as: Reprod Toxicol. 2017 Mar 4;69:174–186. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.03.003

Figure 2. Evolutionary origins of stress response and developmental pathways.

Figure 2

Stress response and developmental pathways (Table 1 and 2) are highly interconnected, and both have diversified in the course of evolution at different time points. For example, the estrogen receptor evolved before the diversification of animals; the androgen receptor evolved at a much later time point (Reitzel and Tarrant 2010; Kassahn et al. 2011). The species divergence times were calculated using the TimeTree knowledgebase (Hedges et al. 2006, 2015).