Table 2.

Neurobiological effects produced by some flavonoids.

Flavonoid	Doses	Treatment duration	Effects	Reference
Naringenin	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg	21 days	Increase in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male mice	[28]
	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg	14 days	Increase in 5-HT, DA, and NE in the hippocampus in male ICR mice	[29]
Luteolin	10 mg/kg	30 min before test	Increases in chloride ion flow at the GABAA receptor in male rats	[30]
	50 mg/kg	23 days	Attenuation of the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in the hippocampus in male ICR mice	[31]
Icariin	60 mg/kg	21 days	Increases in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male rats	[32]
Hesperidin	0.01, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg	21 days	Increase in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male mice	[9]
	50 mg/kg	13 days	Increase in BDNF and NGF concentrations in the hippocampus in male C57BL/6 mice	[33]
Astilbin	10, 20, and 40 mg/kg	21 days	Increase in BDNF concentrations in the cerebral cortex in male mice, similar to imipramine	[34]
Baicalein	10, 20, and 40 mg/kg	14 days	Increase in dopamine and BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male rats	[35]
	1 and 4 mg/kg	Single injection or 21 days	Restoring of the reduction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and BDNF expression in the hippocampus of male Kunming mice subjected to CUMS	[36]
Chrysin	5 and 20 mg/kg	28 days	Increase in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in female mice	[10]
	5 and 20 mg/kg	14 days	Increase in 5-HT and BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male C57B/6J mice	[37]
Fisetin	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg	60 min before test	Activation of the serotonergic system, apparently through inactivation of MAO-A enzyme in male mice	[38]
	5 mg/kg	14 days	Increases in phosphorylated TrkB (pTrkB) in the hippocampus in male ICR mice	[39]
Orientin	20 and 40 mg/kg	21 days	Increase in BDNF, serotonin, and norepinephrine concentrations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in male mice	[40]
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone	1, 3, and 10 mg/kg	60 min before test	Increase in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in male mice	[41]
Icariin	20 and 40 mg/kg	35 days	Decrease in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus in male rats	[42]
Dihydromyricetin	10 and 20 mg/kg	7 days	Increase in mRNA for BDNF in the hippocampus in male C57BL/6 mice	[43]
Silymarin	100 and 200 mg/kg	14 days	Increase in 5-HT, DA, NE, and BDNF concentration in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, similar to fluoxetine in adult Wistar rats	[44]
Myricitrin	10 mg/kg	21 days	Increases in cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in male BALB/c mice	[45]
Myricetin	50 mg/kg	21 days	Increases in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male C57BL/6 mice	[46]
3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone	50 and 100 mg/kg	15 days	Increase in BDNF concentration, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus in male C57BL/6 mice	[47, 48]
Apigenin	20 and 40 mg/kg	21 days	Increase in BDNF concentrations in the hippocampus in male ICR mice	[49]
Miquelianin	0.6 mg/kg	14 days	Modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by reducing plasma concentration of ACTH and corticosterone in male CD rats	[50]
Isoquercitrin	0.6 mg/kg	14–56 days	Modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by reducing plasma concentration of ACTH and corticosterone in male CD rats	[50]
Liquiritin and isoliquiritin	20 mg/kg	30 min before sample	Increases in 5-HT and NE concentrations in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cortex in mice	[51]

BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; MAO-A: monoamine oxidase type A; TrkB: tropomyosin receptor kinase B; 5-HT: serotonin; DA: dopamine; NE: norepinephrine; ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone.