Table 2.
Change in pain and psychosocial function from baseline to 12 months.
| Variable | Baseline M (SD) | 12-months M (SD) | M Diff 95% (LCI: UCI) | t-value | Cohen d | Effect size convention1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain interference | 6.09 (2.51) | 4.68 (2.41) | −1.41 (−0.07: −2.74) | 2.06∗ | 0.71 | Minimum PSE |
| Worst pain last 24-hours | 7.71 (2.09) | 6.02 (2.14) | −1.69 (−0.12: −3.28) | 2.18∗ | 0.74 | Minimum PSE |
| Least pain last 24 hours | 3.64 (2.68) | 3.12 (2.04) | −0.52 (0.92: −1.96) | 0.71 | 0.31 | — |
| Average pain last 24 hours | 5.64 (2.09) | 3.67 (2.32) | −1.97 (−0.76: −3.18) | 3.28∗∗ | 1.31 | Medium PSE |
| Pain right now | 5.71 (2.13) | 4.53 (2.24) | −1.18 (0.14: −2.50) | 1.76† | 0.69 | Minimum PSE |
| Anxiety | 9.28 (6.41) | 5.46 (3.42) | −3.82 (0.70: −8.34) | 1.66† | 0.45 | Minimum PSE |
| Depressed mood | 12.43 (7.25) | 7.31 (3.01) | −5.12 (−1.54: −8.70) | 2.80∗∗ | 0.98 | Minimum PSE |
| Insomnia severity | 16.86 (5.11) | 11.40 (5.38) | −5.46 (−2.28: −8.64) | 3.37∗∗ | 1.00 | Minimum PSE |
| Health-related quality of life | 0.65 (0.07) | 0.74 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.09: 0.18) | 3.15∗∗ | 1.74 | Medium PSE |
| Self-report health | 4.17 (1.91) | 6.02 (1.18) | −1.85 (−2.98: −0.72) | 3.21∗∗ | 0.98 | Minimum PSE |
| Pain catastrophizing | 29.86 (11.73) | 14.18 (7.41) | −15.68 (−6.89: −24.46) | 3.50∗∗ | 0.91 | Minimum PSE |
| SOAPP-R | 23.36 (10.84) | 15.83 (5.97) | −7.53 (−3.24: −11.80) | 3.45∗∗ | 1.49 | Medium PSE |
| Self-report medical visits in past 3 months for chronic pain | 8.43 (5.37) | 3.40 (2.09) | −5.03 (−2.10: −7.95) | 3.37∗∗ | 1.09 | Minimum PSE |
| ED visits in past 12 months | 28.64 (18.32) | 5.14 (7.10) | −23.50 (−12.77: −34.23) | 4.29∗∗ | 1.23 | Medium PSE |
Note. N = 14; df = 13; 7 females; † p < 0.10; ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ED = emergency department; M Diff = mean difference; PE = practically significant effect; PGIC = Patients' Global Impression of Change; SOAPP-R = Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain–Revised; 1effect size conventions for clinicians and researchers.