Table 2.

Factors associated with nicotine dependence among regular smokers according to the multivariate logistic regression analysis (ORs with corresponding 95% CI)

Variables	Low dependence	Moderate dependence	High dependence
Gender (reference: female)
Male	0.39 (0.21 to 0.73)	0.77 (0.55 to 1.07)	1.89 (1.31 to 2.72)
Age group (reference: 18–34)
35–64	0.65 (0.33 to 1.26)	0.93 (0.64 to 1.36)	1.25 (0.83 to 1.89)
65+	0.24 (0.05 to 1.22)	0.92 (0.48 to 1.75)	1.57 (0.79 to 3.12)
Education level (reference: primary or less)
Vocational	1.11 (0.46 to 2.68)	1.74 (1.19 to 2.54)	0.54 (0.36 to 0.80)
High school	3.37 (1.55 to 7.32)	1.62 (1.05 to 2.48)	0.36 (0.22 to 0.58)
Tertiary	6.95 (2.65 to 18.27)	1.20 (0.60 to 2.38)	0.27 (0.11 to 0.68)
Tobacco-related diseases (reference: no disease)
Cardiovascular	1.26 (0.50 to 3.19)	0.97 (0.59 to 1.60)	0.97 (0.56 to 1.66)
COPD	0.86 (0.10 to 7.69)	1.40 (0.46 to 4.28)	0.72 (0.21 to 2.42)

COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.