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. 2017 Nov 13;46(4):1648–1660. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1123

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© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Supercoiling-driven chromatin loop extrusion. (A–D) Simulation snapshots illustrating how a growing plectonemic region pushes cohesin handcuffs away from the source of supercoiling and towards borders of the modelled TAD. This process eventually brings the two borders of the modelled TAD into close physical proximity (D). Schematic maps, shown above each simulated configuration, illustrate the progress of chromatin loop extrusion process. The loops spanned by cohesin handcuffs grow till reaching the size of the entire TAD. The ends of red arcs correspond to positions of individual cohesin rings forming the handcuff. The linear maps of simulated circular construct are centred at the active swivel. Maps also show position of the two borders of the modelled TAD, with passive swivels and semi-transparent regions accounting for action of type II DNA topoisomerases. Supplementary Movie S2 presents the entire simulation from which the snapshots were taken to compose the figure.