TABLE 6. Summary table of racial/ethnic differences in vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥19 years, by age group and increased-risk status* — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2015.
| Vaccination, age group, increased-risk status | % vaccinated, whites | Vaccination differences†, blacks | Vaccination differences, Hispanics | Vaccination differences, Asians | Vaccination differences, other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Influenza vaccination, 2014–15 season§
| |||||
| ≥19 yrs |
48.5 |
-10.8¶ |
-15.5¶ |
0.5 |
-5.5 |
| 19–49 yrs |
34.6 |
-5.5¶ |
-9.5¶ |
8.5 |
-2.4 |
| 50–64 yrs |
50.2 |
-8.3¶ |
-5.3 |
-4.3 |
11.1 |
| ≥65 yrs |
75.1 |
-10.8¶ |
-11.0¶ |
8.4 |
2.1 |
| HCP,** ≥19 yrs |
71.2 |
-11.4¶ |
-11.2¶ |
3.1 |
-2.5 |
|
Pneumococcal vaccination, ever††
| |||||
| 19–64 yrs, increased risk |
24.0 |
-2.0 |
-4.6¶ |
-2.5 |
-1.5 |
| ≥65 yrs |
68.1 |
-17.9¶ |
-26.4¶ |
-19.1¶ |
-5.5 |
|
Tetanus vaccination (received in past 10 years)§§
| |||||
| ≥19 yrs |
66.5 |
-14.5¶ |
-14.6¶ |
-15.5¶ |
-2.7 |
| 19–49 yrs |
68.5 |
-15.1¶ |
-17.2¶ |
-14.4¶ |
-4.7 |
| 50–64 yrs |
68.7 |
-15.7¶ |
-14.3¶ |
-23.5¶ |
-4.1 |
| ≥65 yrs |
59.4 |
-15.6¶ |
-8.8¶ |
-12.6¶ |
3.5 |
|
Tetanus vaccination including pertussis vaccine (received in past 10 years)¶¶
| |||||
| ≥19 yrs |
27.0 |
-11.9¶ |
-12.8¶ |
-7.2¶ |
2.7 |
| 19–64 yrs |
29.7 |
-13.7¶ |
-14.9¶ |
-8.9¶ |
1.3 |
| ≥65 yrs |
18.2 |
-8.5¶ |
-9.1¶ |
-4.4 |
—*** |
| HCP, ≥19 yrs |
49.2 |
-20.9¶ |
-10.5¶ |
0.2 |
7.6 |
|
Hepatitis A vaccination (at least 2 doses)†††
| |||||
| 19–49 yrs |
12.8 |
-2.0 |
-2.4¶ |
5.1¶ |
1.3 |
|
Hepatitis B vaccination (at least 3 doses)§§§
| |||||
| 19–49 yrs |
34.9 |
-5.5¶ |
-12.4¶ |
3.4 |
1.3 |
| HCP, ≥19 yrs |
67.8 |
-11.0¶ |
-10.7¶ |
-3.6 |
-4.3 |
|
Herpes zoster (shingles) vaccination, ever¶¶¶
| |||||
| ≥60 yrs |
34.6 |
-21.0¶ |
-18.6¶ |
-8.6¶ |
-6.7 |
| 60–64 yrs |
25.1 |
-12.4¶ |
-16.0¶ |
-10.4¶ |
— |
| ≥65 yrs |
38.3 |
-24.1¶ |
-19.0¶ |
-7.6¶ |
-9.4 |
|
HPV vaccination among females (at least 1 dose), ever****
| |||||
| 19–26 yrs | 44.7 | -6.7 | -9.0¶ | -8.4 | 0.9 |
Abbreviations: HCP = health care personnel; HPV = human papillomavirus
* Adults were considered at increased risk for pneumococcal disease if they had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had diabetes, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, or other heart condition; had a diagnosis of cancer during the previous 12 months (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer); had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had lymphoma, leukemia, or blood cancer; had been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had chronic bronchitis or weak or failing kidneys during the preceding 12 months; had an asthma episode or attack during the preceding 12 months; or were current smokers.
† Percentage point difference in vaccination coverage compared with non-Hispanic whites as the reference group.
§ Respondents were asked if they had received an influenza shot or nasal spray in the past 12 months and if so, in which month and year. Missing month and year were imputed (3.5%) and interviews conducted during August 2014–June 2015 were used to estimate vaccination coverage during July 2014–May 2015 using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.
¶ p<0.05 by T test for comparisons with non-Hispanic white as the reference group.
** Adults were classified as HCP if they reported that they currently volunteer or work in a hospital, medical clinic, doctor’s office, dentist’s office, nursing home or some other health care facility including part-time and unpaid work in a health care facility as well as professional nursing care provided in the home.
†† Respondents were asked if they had ever had a pneumonia shot.
§§ Respondents were asked if they had received a tetanus shot in the past 10 years. Vaccinated respondents included adults who received Td during the past 10 years or Tdap during 2005–2015.
¶¶ Respondents who had received a tetanus shot in the past 10 years were asked if their most recent shot was given in 2005 or later. Respondents who had received a tetanus shot since 2005 were asked if they were told that their most recent tetanus shot included the pertussis or whooping cough vaccine. Among 33,348 respondents aged ≥19 years, those without a "yes" or "no" classification for tetanus vaccination status within the preceding 10 years (n = 1,907 [5.7%]), for tetanus vaccination status during 2005–2015 (n = 591 [1.7%]), or those who reported tetanus vaccination during 2005–2015, but were not told vaccine type by the provider (n = 8,408 [25.2%]), did not know vaccine type (Td or Tdap) (n = 2,031 [6.1%]), or refused to answer or for whom data were not obtained (n = 5 [0.01%]) were excluded, yielding a sample of 20,406 respondents aged ≥19 years for whom Tdap vaccination status could be assessed. In February 2012, ACIP recommended Tdap vaccination for all adults aged ≥19 years, including adults aged ≥65 years.
*** Estimate is not reliable due to small sample size (n<30) or relative standard error (standard error/estimates) >0.3.
††† Respondents were asked if they had ever received the hepatitis A vaccine, and if yes, were asked how many doses were received.
§§§ Respondents were asked if they had ever received the hepatitis B vaccine, and if yes, if they had received at least 3 doses or less than 3 doses.
¶¶¶ Respondents were asked if they had ever received a shingles vaccine.
**** Respondents were asked if they had ever received the HPV shot or cervical cancer vaccine, and if yes, age at the first dose.