TABLE 3. Self-reported seat belt use among adults aged ≥18 years, by metropolitan status, type of state seat belt enforcement, and selected characteristics — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2014.
| Selected characteristics | Seat belt use (always wears) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total |
Primary seat belt enforcement |
Secondary seat belt enforcement* |
Primary-secondary RR (95% CI) | ||
| No. | Weighted % (95% CI) | Weighted % (95% CI) | Weighted % (95% CI) | ||
|
Metropolitan counties, overall
|
298,677
|
88.1 (87.9–88.3)
|
89.7 (89.5–90.0)
|
82.5 (82.1–83.0)
|
1.09 (1.08–1.09)†
|
|
Sex
| |||||
| Male |
124,325
|
84.9 (84.5–85.2)
|
87.0 (86.5–87.4) |
77.8 (77.1–78.5) |
1.12 (1.11–1.13)† |
| Female |
174,352
|
91.1 (90.8–91.4)
|
92.3 (92.0–92.7) |
86.9 (86.4–87.5) |
1.06 (1.05–1.07)† |
|
Race/Ethnicity
| |||||
| White, non-Hispanic |
227,998
|
88.1 (87.8–88.3)
|
90.0 (89.7–90.3) |
82.7 (82.2–83.2) |
1.09 (1.08–1.10)† |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
26,942
|
85.8 (85.0–86.5)
|
87.2 (86.3–88.0) |
79.1 (77.1–80.9) |
1.10 (1.07–1.13)† |
| Asian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic |
7,336
|
89.8 (88.3–91.1)
|
90.2 (88.4–91.7) |
87.6 (84.9–89.8) |
1.03 (1.00–1.06) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic |
2,771
|
84.1 (81.2–86.6)
|
85.6 (82.2–88.5) |
79.1 (73.2–84.0) |
1.08 (1.00–1.17)† |
| Hispanic |
21,419
|
90.0 (89.2–90.6)
|
90.8 (90.0–91.6) |
84.9 (83.4–86.3) |
1.07 (1.05–1.09)† |
| Other or multiple race, non-Hispanic |
7,131
|
87.2 (85.7–88.5)
|
89.8 (88.3–91.2) |
78.2 (74.6–81.4) |
1.15 (1.10–1.20)† |
|
Age group (yrs)
| |||||
| 18–24 |
16,003
|
80.8 (79.8–81.8)
|
82.6 (81.4–83.7) |
74.7 (72.9–76.5) |
1.11 (1.08–1.14)† |
| 25–34 |
28,728
|
84.5 (83.8–85.2)
|
86.3 (85.5–87.1) |
78.4 (77.0–79.7) |
1.10 (1.08–1.12)† |
| 35–44 |
35,751
|
89.2 (88.6–89.7)
|
90.8 (90.1–91.4) |
83.7 (82.5–84.7) |
1.09 (1.07–1.10)† |
| 45–64 |
114,304
|
90.3 (90.0–90.6)
|
92.0 (91.6–92.3) |
84.7 (84.1–85.3) |
1.09 (1.08–1.10)† |
| ≥65 |
100,298
|
91.4 (91.0–91.7)
|
92.8 (92.4–93.2) |
86.6 (86.0–87.3) |
1.07 (1.06–1.08)† |
|
Education
| |||||
| <High school |
20,900
|
85.7 (84.8–86.5)
|
87.7 (86.7–88.7) |
76.7 (74.8–78.5) |
1.14 (1.11–1.18)† |
| High school |
76,320
|
85.7 (85.2–86.2)
|
88.1 (87.5–88.6) |
78.3 (77.4–79.2) |
1.12 (1.11–1.14)† |
| Some college or greater |
200,515
|
89.7 (89.4–90.0)
|
90.9 (90.6–91.2) |
85.6 (85.1–86.1) |
1.06 (1.06–1.07)† |
|
Marital status
| |||||
| Married |
157,360
|
90.8 (90.5–91.0)
|
92.2 (91.9–92.5) |
86.1 (85.6–86.6) |
1.07 (1.06–1.08)† |
| Not married |
139,483
|
85.3 (84.9–85.7)
|
87.2 (86.8–87.7) |
78.7 (78.0–79.4) |
1.11 (1.10–1.12)† |
|
Employment status
| |||||
| Currently employed |
149,514
|
87.6 (87.2–87.9)
|
89.3 (88.9–89.6) |
81.9 (81.3–82.5) |
1.09 (1.08–1.10)† |
| Not employed |
147,844
|
88.8 (88.5–89.2)
|
90.4 (90.0–90.8) |
83.4 (82.8–84.1) |
1.08 (1.07–1.09)† |
|
Body mass index
| |||||
| Underweight |
4,786
|
87.3 (85.2–89.2)
|
87.9 (85.3–90.1) |
85.2 (81.8–88.1) |
1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
| Normal weight |
95,078
|
89.1 (88.7–89.5)
|
90.4 (89.9–90.9) |
84.9 (84.1–85.6) |
1.06 (1.05–1.08)† |
| Overweight |
102,597
|
88.9 (88.6–89.3)
|
90.6 (90.2–91.0) |
83.3 (82.5–84.0) |
1.09 (1.08–1.10)† |
| Obese |
81,019
|
85.6 (85.1–86.0)
|
87.8 (87.2–88.3) |
78.1 (77.2–79.0) |
1.12 (1.11–1.14)† |
|
Alcohol-impaired driving
| |||||
| Yes |
4,100
|
73.7 (71.2–76.0)
|
75.3 (72.3–78.1) |
68.4 (64.2–72.3) |
1.10 (1.03–1.18)† |
| No |
293,823
|
88.4 (88.2–88.6)
|
90.0 (89.8–90.3) |
82.8 (82.4–83.3) |
1.09 (1.08–1.09)† |
|
Nonmetropolitan counties, overall
|
130,324
|
80.6 (80.1–81.0)
|
83.5 (82.9–84.0)
|
72.5 (71.7–73.3)
|
1.15 (1.14–1.17)†
|
|
Sex
| |||||
| Male |
53,540
|
74.4 (73.6–75.1)
|
77.5 (76.6–78.4) |
65.8 (64.5–67.1) |
1.18 (1.15–1.21)† |
| Female |
76,784
|
86.4 (85.9–86.9)
|
89.0 (88.4–89.6) |
79.1 (78.1–80.1) |
1.12 (1.11–1.14)† |
|
Race/Ethnicity
| |||||
| White, non-Hispanic |
110,991
|
79.9 (79.3–80.4)
|
83.0 (82.4–83.6) |
72.0 (71.1–72.9) |
1.15 (1.14–1.17)† |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
5,160
|
82.7 (80.8–84.5)
|
83.6 (81.6–85.4) |
74.7 (67.9–80.5) |
1.12 (1.03–1.12)† |
| Asian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic |
1,044
|
88.7 (82.6–92.8)
|
90.3 (83.1–94.6)§ |
—¶ |
— |
| American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic |
3,759
|
80.9 (78.4–83.2)
|
84.5 (81.3–87.2) |
73.3 (69.3–77.1) |
1.15 (1.08–1.23)† |
| Hispanic |
5,032
|
85.1 (82.9–87.0)
|
87.1 (84.7–89.2) |
76.4 (71.6–80.6) |
1.14 (1.07–1.22)† |
| Other or multiple race, non-Hispanic |
2,708
|
82.3 (79.0–85.2)
|
84.2 (80.2–87.6) |
75.7 (70.0–80.5) |
1.11 (1.03–1.21)† |
|
Age group (yrs)
| |||||
| 18–24 |
5,701
|
71.8 (69.7–73.7)
|
75.1 (72.7–77.4) |
63.3 (59.7–66.8) |
1.19 (1.11–1.27)† |
| 25–34 |
10,735
|
74.9 (73.3–76.4)
|
78.0 (76.1–79.9) |
66.2 (63.5–68.7) |
1.18 (1.13–1.24)† |
| 35–44 |
13,755
|
79.4 (78.0–80.6)
|
82.2 (80.5–83.8) |
71.3 (69.1–73.4) |
1.15 (1.11–1.20)† |
| 45–64 |
51,225
|
83.0 (82.4–83.6)
|
85.8 (85.0–86.5) |
75.1 (73.9–76.2) |
1.14 (1.12–1.16)† |
| ≥65 |
47,873
|
85.7 (85.2–86.3)
|
88.3 (87.6–88.9) |
78.6 (77.5–79.6) |
1.12 (1.11–1.14)† |
|
Education
| |||||
| <High school |
11,647
|
78.4 (76.9–79.9)
|
82.2 (80.5–83.8) |
66.1 (62.9–69.2) |
1.24 (1.18–1.31)† |
| High school |
44,323
|
79.1 (78.3–79.8)
|
82.3 (81.4–83.2) |
70.2 (68.9–71.6) |
1.17 (1.15–1.20)† |
| Some college or greater |
74,086
|
82.5 (81.9–83.1)
|
84.8 (84.1–85.5) |
76.2 (75.3–77.1) |
1.11 (1.10–1.13)† |
|
Marital status
| |||||
| Married |
72,908
|
82.3 (81.8–82.9)
|
84.9 (84.3–85.6) |
75.2 (74.2–76.1) |
1.13 (1.11–1.15)† |
| Not married |
56,933
|
78.5 (77.7–79.2)
|
81.7 (80.8–82.6) |
69.1 (67.7–70.5) |
1.18 (1.15–1.21)† |
|
Employment status
| |||||
| Currently employed |
63,218
|
77.5 (76.8–78.2)
|
80.7 (79.8–81.5) |
69.3 (68.1–70.4) |
1.16 (1.14–1.19)† |
| Not employed |
66,601
|
84.1 (83.5–84.7)
|
86.5 (85.8–87.2) |
76.8 (75.6–77.9) |
1.13 (1.11–1.15)† |
|
Body mass index
| |||||
| Underweight |
1,936
|
84.2 (80.6–87.2)
|
85.4 (80.8–89.0) |
80.7 (75.3–85.2) |
1.06 (0.98–1.14) |
| Normal weight |
37,642
|
82.6 (81.7–83.5)
|
85.4 (84.4–86.5) |
75.1 (73.4–76.7) |
1.14 (1.11–1.17)† |
| Overweight |
45,061
|
80.9 (80.1–81.7)
|
83.4 (82.5–84.4) |
73.8 (72.5–75.0) |
1.13 (1.11–1.15)† |
| Obese |
39,457
|
77.8 (76.9–78.6)
|
81.2 (80.2–82.2) |
67.4 (65.8–68.9) |
1.21 (1.17–1.24)† |
|
Alcohol-impaired driving
| |||||
| Yes |
1,696
|
60.6 (55.7–65.4)
|
67.4 (60.7–73.4) |
47.1 (40.3–54.1) |
1.43 (1.20–1.70)† |
| No | 128,339 | 80.9 (80.4–81.4) | 83.7 (83.2–84.3) | 73.0 (72.1–73.8) | 1.15 (1.13–1.16)† |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; RR = rate ratio; RSE = relative standard error.
* In 2014, a total of 33 states and the District of Columbia (DC) had primary enforcement, 16 states had secondary enforcement, and one state (New Hampshire) had no requirement for seat belt use by adults. States with primary enforcement in 2014 included Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, DC, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. States with secondary enforcement in 2014 included Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Wyoming. New Hampshire was grouped with secondary enforcement states for analysis purposes.
† RRs comparing seat belt use in primary enforcement states to seat belt use in secondary enforcement states are significantly different from 1 (p<0.05).
§ Estimates based on 20–49 respondents and RSE <30% for rarer outcome (not always wearing seat belt) might be unreliable and should be interpreted with caution.
¶ Estimates based on <20 respondents or with RSE ≥30% for rarer outcome (not always wearing seat belt) were deemed unreliable and were suppressed.