Table 3.

Characteristics and publication fate of the nine unregistered studies

Year	Region	Explanation	Publication fate	Funding
2013	Central and South America	Appeared unaware of requirements for trial registration. Confused ethical approval with registration.	Published but withdrawn shortly thereafter; no reason given.	Government
2015	Europe	Began before registration required but not subsequently registered prior to submission.	Published. No explanation of registration problem in the paper.	Government
2015	Europe	Confused ethical approval with registration. Did not accept that study needed to be registered as a trial.	Published. Explanation about registration is provided in the paper.	Government
2015	Europe	None	Could not locate a publication.	None
2016	Europe	Did not accept that study was a clinical trial.	Published. No explanation of registration problem in the paper.	Government
2016	Asia	None	Could not locate a publication, but it may be too soon to expect one.	Unknown (not reported in paper)
2017	Asia	Did not accept that study was a clinical trial.	Too soon to expect publication elsewhere.	Government, foundation, industry (not pharmaceutical/device).
2017	Asia	No explanation	Too soon to expect publication elsewhere.	Academic
2017	Africa/Middle East	Appeared unaware of requirements for trial registration; confused ethical approval with registration.	Too soon to expect publication elsewhere.	None