Table 2.
Clinical presentations of patients who are HMPV positive
| Diagnosis/symptom | Total HMPV (n=101) | Patients with only HMPV and HMPV plus other pathogen(s) detected. | ||
| Single HMPV (n=83) | Copathogens (n=18) | P value* | ||
| URTI | ||||
| Nasal obstruction | 40 (39.6) | 34 (41.0) | 6 (33.3) | 0.605 |
| Coryza | 51 (50.5) | 44 (53.0) | 7 (38.9) | 0.309 |
| Sneeze | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | –† |
| Cough | 101(100) | 83(100) | 18(100) | –‡ |
| Expectoration | 78 (77.2) | 66 (79.5) | 12 (66.7) | 0.351 |
| Hoarseness | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | –† |
| LRTI | ||||
| Abnormal pulmonary breath sound§ | 92 (91.1) | 75 (90.4) | 17 (94.4) | 0.582 |
| Wheezing | 47 (46.5) | 40 (48.2) | 7 (38.9) | 0.473 |
| Anhelation | 24 (23.8) | 21 (25.3) | 3 (16.7) | 0.551 |
| Increasing lung markings¶ | 6 (7.1) | 4 (5.8) | 2 (13.3) | 0.304 |
| Bronchiolitis¶ | 8 (9.5) | 7 (10.1) | 1 (6.7) | 0.677 |
| Pneumonia¶ | 11 (13.1) | 10 (14.5) | 1 (6.7) | 0.415 |
| Bronchopneumonia¶ | 56 (66.7) | 46 (66.7) | 10 (66.7) | 0.626 |
| Systemic influenza-like symptoms | ||||
| Fever (≥38˚C) | 89 (88.1) | 76 (91.6) | 13 (72.2) | 0.037 |
| Chill | 7 (6.9) | 6 (7.2) | 1 (5.6) | 0.8 |
| Debilitation | 11 (10.9) | 11 (13.3) | 0 (0) | –† |
| Gastrointestinal illness | ||||
| Vomiting | 21 (20.8) | 16 (19.3) | 5 (27.8) | 0.522 |
| Poor appetite | 19 (18.8) | 17 (20.5) | 2 (11.1) | 0.513 |
| Diarrhoea | 7 (7.0) | 3 (3.6) | 4 (22.2) | 0.018 |
Data are presented as n (%) of each group.
Percentages sum to >100% because some patients had more than one clinical presentations.
*Two-tailed χ2 test comparing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between patients with only HMPV and HMPV plus other pathogen(s) detected.
†Not tested because the number of positive samples obtained was too small.
‡Not tested because the prevalence was 100%.
§Including phlegmatic, wheezing, bubbling and moist rales.
¶Diagnosed by chest radiography, and a total of 84 patients who are HMPV positive (69 patients with only HMPV detected and 15 patients with HMPV plus other pathogen(s) detected) were examined. HMPV, human metapneumovirus; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.