Table 1.
Comparison of clinical features and laboratory results among the overall study collective.
| Characteristics | No ACLF (n = 53) | ACLF (n = 53) | P value | ACLF | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infection group (n = 40) | Noninfection group (n = 13) | |||||
| Age | 56.34 ± 11.64 | 58.23 ± 11.86 | 0.410 | 58.88 ± 13.18 | 56.23 ± 6.29 | 0.336 |
| Female | 46 (86.8%) | 47 (88.7%) | 0.767 | 34 (85.0%) | 13 (100%) | 0.317 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (17.0%) | 6 (11.3%) | 0.403 | 5 (12.5%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.635 |
| Coexisting other autoimmune diseases | 7 (13.2%) | 7 (13.2%) | 1.000 | 4 (10.0%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.460 |
| Steroid exposure | 8 (15.1%) | 11 (20.8%) | 0.447 | 7 (17.5%) | 4 (30.8%) | 0.528 |
| Complications | ||||||
| Ascites | 25 (47.2%) | 41 (77.4%) | 0.001 | 32 (80%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.710 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 3 (5.7%) | 12 (14.0%) | 0.026 | 8 (20%) | 4 (30.8%) | 0.671 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 2 (3.8%) | 29 (54.7%) | ≤0.001 | 21 (52.5%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0.570 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 2 (3.8%) | 16 (30.2%) | 0.001 | 15 (37.5%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.092 |
| Bacterial infection | 27 (50.9%) | 40 (75.5%) | 0.005 | |||
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Leukocyte counts (×10 ∗ 9/L) | 6.32 ± 3.93 | 10.43 ± 6.40 | ≤0.001 | 12.20 ± 6.34 | 4.97 ± 2.01 | ≤0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 99.06 ± 21.09 | 89.32 ± 19.51 | 0.015 | 86.30 ± 19.91 | 98.62 ± 15.39 | 0.047 |
| Platelet (×10 ∗ 9/L) | 108.83 ± 65.32 | 87.25 ± 52.30 | 0.063 | 89.70 ± 56.43 | 79.69 ± 37.68 | 0.472 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 19.25 ± 15.71 | 25.51 ± 19.05 | 0.071 | 30.49 ± 18.83 | 8.89 ± 5.93 | ≤0.001 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.43 ± 0.44 | 1.25 ± 1.65 | 0.007 | 1.44 ± 1.76 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.136 |
| ALT (U/L) | 227.06 ± 302.30 | 258.34 ± 331.79 | 0.613 | 177.15 ± 210.97 | 508.15 ± 492.74 | 0.034 |
| AST (U/L) | 288.42 ± 352.18 | 310.58 ± 290.45 | 0.724 | 270.48 ± 244.16 | 434.00 ± 387.24 | 0.172 |
| AKP (U/L) | 197.77 ± 105.19 | 1879.09 ± 104.54 | 0.361 | 176.05 ± 100.90 | 188.46 ± 118.91 | 0.714 |
| GGT (U/L) | 185.15 ± 199.38 | 143.72 ± 165.20 | 0.247 | 161.15 ± 183.58 | 90.08 ± 67.81 | 0.045 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 20.44 ± 8.21 | 26.68 ± 8.20 | 0.005 | 26.16 ± 8.49 | 21.37 ± 6.21 | 0.067 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 27.53 ± 5.98 | 26.71 ± 3.30 | 0.372 | 26.59 ± 3.61 | 26.97 ± 2.22 | 0.723 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.65 ± 0.19 | 1.22 ± 0.88 | ≤0.001 | 1.39 ± 0.91 | 0.72 ± 0.56 | 0.004 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.68 ± 1.52 | 3.99 ± 1.99 | 0.119 | 3.80 ± 0.90 | 4.57 ± 3.74 | 0.471 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 136.60 ± 5.12 | 133.81 ± 5.59 | 0.009 | 133.03 ± 5.88 | 136.23 ± 3.79 | 0.072 |
| INR | 1.76 ± 0.29 | 3.04 ± 1.23 | ≤0.001 | 3.33 ± 1.54 | 2.95 ± 1.11 | 0.328 |
| Child-Pugh score | 9.53 ± 1.19 | 11.79 ± 1.46 | ≤0.001 | 11.06 ± 1.49 | 10.47 ± 1.85 | 0.055 |
| MELD score | 18.72 ± 3.15 | 29.60 ± 8.72 | ≤0.001 | 29.47 ± 7.06 | 27.37 ± 5.35 | 0.109 |
| CLIF-SOFA score | 7.43 ± 0.77 | 10.74 ± 2.22 | ≤0.001 | 11.03 ± 2.38 | 10.23 ± 1.54 | 0.266 |
| ACLF grade | ||||||
| Grade 1 | 42 (79.2%) | 6 (11.3%) | 0.186 | 4 (20.0%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.678 |
| Grade 2 | 0 | 30 (56.6%) | ≤0.001 | 22 (55.0%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0.003 |
| Grade 3 | 0 | 17 (32.1%) | ≤0.001 | 14 (35.0%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.008 |
| 28-day transplant-free mortality | 4 (8.9%) | 18 (38.3%) | 0.001 | 15 (39.5%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.733 |
| 90-day transplant-free mortality | 6 (13.3%) | 35 (74.5%) | ≤0.001 | 27 (71.1%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.618 |
CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AKP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; CLIF-SOFA, chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment.