Fig. 2.

Tinostamustine increases the effects of radiotherapy in glioma models in vitro (part I). a Clonogenic assay performed on U87MG, U251, A172, and T98G cells showing radio-sensitizing effects of tinostamustine (TINO). b Comparison between dose enhancement factor (DRE) calculated in U87MG, U251, A172, and T98G in cultures treated with Rt combined to SAHA, BDM, SAHA + BDM, and TINO and showing higher DRE values in the combination of TINO and RT. c Western blots for autophagy and necrosis marker expression in A172 cells used as representative cell line for this analyses. d ELISA determination of beclin 1 and p62 proteins in U87MG, U251, A172, and T98G cells. ELISA determinations performed in quintuplicate. Mean values (mean values ± standard errors, SD) were transformed as % versus relative controls. e Representative comet assay obtained in A172 cells treated with different doses of RT with or without 3.5 μM TINO. f Quantification of comet assays as percentage of comets (with intermediated/high comet tails) in U87MG, U251, A172, and T98G; Single results are representative of three different experiments performed in triplicate. Statistical analyses: *p < 0.005