Fig. 4.

Morphological and functional effects of TINO when combined with RT in glioma cell lines. a Morphological changes observed in U251 cells after treatments with 2, 4, and 6 Gy (RT) alone or in association with TINO 3.5 μM. b Morphological changes observed in U87MG cells after treatments with 2, 4, and 6 Gy (RT) alone or in association with TINO 3.5 μM. c Representative expression of acidic vacuolar organelle (AVO) accumulation in T98G cells cultured with 2, 4, and 6 Gy (RT) alone or in association with TINO 3.5 μM. d Percentage of AVO-stained cells in U87MG, U251, and T98G cells cultured with 2, 4, and 6 Gy (RT) alone or in association with TINO 3.5 μM. Statistical analysis: *p < 0.005 in the comparison between combined TINO + RT treatment and RT alone. Single results are representative of three different experiments performed in triplicate. e Immunocytochemical evaluation of γH2Ax stain in T98G cells cultured with 4, 6, and 8 Gy (RT) alone or in association with TINO 3.5 μM. f Quantization of γH2AX expression in U87MG, U251, and T98G cells treated with RT with or without TINO. Statistical analyses: *p < 0.005 in the comparison between RT + TINO and RT or TINO treatments alone. Single results are representative of three different experiments performed in triplicate