Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Demographics | Full Cohort (N=184,161) |
Propensity Matched Cohort (N=106,080) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Care Only (N=114,260) |
Cardiology Care (N=69,901) |
P value | Primary Care Only (N=53,040) |
Cardiology Care (N=53,040) |
Standardized Difference* | |
| Age (mean±SD) | 71.6 ± 10.6 | 68.5 ± 10.5 | <0.0001 | 68.8 ± 10.4 | 68.6 ± 10.5 | 0.0276 |
| FemaleRace | 1,779 (1.6%) | 1,257 (1.8%) | <0.0001 | 925 (1.7%) | 967 (1.8%) | 0.0174 |
| White | 102,519 (90.5%) | 61,082 (88.2%) | <0.0001 | 46,899 (88.4%) | 46,864 (88.4%) | 0.0021 |
| Comorbidity Index | ||||||
| Charlson | 1.67 ± 1.52 | 1.87 ± 1.66 | <0.0001 | 1.90± 1.67 | 1.91± 1.68 | 0.0046 |
| Selim | 3.89 ± 2.48 | 4.29 ± 2.69 | <0.0001 | 4.35 ± 2.68 | 4.36± 2.70 | 0.0024 |
| CHADS2 Score Group | ||||||
| CHADS 0–1 | 57,337 (50.2%) | 34,209 (43.9%) | <0.0001 | 25,433 (48.0%) | 25,542 (48.2%) | 0.0041 |
| CHADS 2–3 | 48,973 (42.9%) | 30,354 (43.4%) | <0.0001 | 23,358 (44.0%) | 23,303 (43.9%) | 0.0021 |
| CHADS 4–6 | 7,950 (7.0%) | 5,338 (7.6%) | <0.0001 | 4,249 (8.0%) | 4,195 (7.9%) | 0.0038 |
| CHADS2 Score (mean±SD) | 1.59 ± 1.21 | 1.63 ± 1.24 | <0.0001 | 1.66 ± 1.25 | 1.65± 1.24 | 0.0024 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score (mean±SD) | 2.64 ± 1.65 | 2.61 ± 1.73 | 0.0037 | 2.66 ± 1.73 | 2.65 ± 1.73 | 0.0085 |
| Anemia | 21,771 (19.1%) | 13,774 (19.7%) | 0.0006 | 11,535 (21.8%) | 10,679 (20.1%) | 0.0391 |
| Heart Failure | 15,240 (13.3%) | 13,829 (19.8%) | <0.0001 | 10,126 (19.1%) | 10,715 (20.2%) | 0.028 |
| Hypertension | 70,101 (61.4%) | 47,704 (68.3%) | <0.0001 | 36,593 (69.0%) | 36,654 (69.1%) | 0.0025 |
| Prior MI | 33,896 (29.7%) | 24,915 (35.6%) | <0.0001 | 18,754 (35.4%) | 19,339 (36.5%) | 0.023 |
| Diabetes | 34,399 (30.1%) | 23,553 (33.7%) | <0.0001 | 18,291 (34.5%) | 18,177 (34.3%) | 0.0045 |
| Prior Stroke/TIA | 8,140 (7.1%) | 5,479 (7.8%) | <0.0001 | 4,280 (8.1%) | 4,242 (8.0%) | 0.0026 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 33,318 (29.2%) | 24,384 (34.9%) | <0.0001 | 18,392 (34.7%) | 18,924 (35.7%) | 0.021 |
| Peripheral Artery Disease | 7,000 (6.1%) | 4,945 (7.1%) | <0.0001 | 4,111 (7.8%) | 3,868 (7.3%) | 0.0174 |
| Access to care (miles) | ||||||
| Distance to nearest outpatient facility within network boundary | 13.1 ± 13.1 | 12.8 ± 12.1 | <0.0001 | 13.2 ± 12.8 | 12.8 ± 12.2 | 0.0307 |
| Distance to nearest medical center facility within network boundary | 41.99 ± 45.3 | 34.2 ± 40.0 | <0.0001 | 35.0 ± 40.1 | 34.2 ± 40.2 | 0.0191 |
| Differential distance | 28.9 ± 42.4 | 21.4 ± 36.9 | <0.0001 | 21.8 ± 37.0 | 21.4 ± 37.1 | 0.0103 |
| Medication Use | ||||||
| Alpha Blockers | 3,051 (2.7%) | 1,895 (2.7%) | 0.5996 | 1,729 (3.3%) | 1,442 (2.7%) | 0.0318 |
| Beta Blockers | 71,070 (62.2%) | 54,473 (77.9%) | <0.0001 | 41,350 (78.0%) | 41.571 (78.4%) | 0.0101 |
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 40,890 (35.8%) | 27,589 (39.5%) | <0.0001 | 19,675 (37.1%) | 27,589 (39.5%) | 0.0521 |
| Rate Control Agents | 91,939 (80.5%) | 62,984 (90.1%) | <0.0001 | 47,334 (89.2%) | 47,944 (90.4%) | 0.038 |
| Amiodarone or Dronedarone | 7,881 (6.9%) | 9,731 (13.9%) | <0.0001 | 4,136 (7.8%) | 7,338 (13.8%) | 0.1953 |
| Digoxin | 23,283 (20.4%) | 14,923 (21.4%) | <0.0001 | 10,965 (20.7%) | 11,329 (21.4%) | 0.0168 |
| Class I Drugs | 1,625 (1.4%) | 1,983 (2.8%) | <0.0001 | 705 (1.3%) | 1,439 (2.7%) | 0.0985 |
| Class III Drugs | 3,309 (2.9 %) | 3,174 (4.5%) | <0.0001 | 1,385 (2.6%) | 2,390 (4.5%) | 0.1024 |
| Rhythm Control Agents | 12,611 (11.0%) | 14,557 (20.8%) | <0.0001 | 6,115 (11.5%) | 10,917 (20.6%) | 0.2485 |
| Anti-Platelet Agents | 32,676 (28.6%) | 29,774 (42.6%) | <0.0001 | 21,639 (40.8%) | 22,767 (42.9%) | 0.0431 |
| NOAC | 593 (0.5%) | 715 (1.0%) | <0.0001 | 230 (0.4%) | 524 (1.0%) | 0.066 |
| Warfarin | 66,648 (58.3%) | 48,583 (69.5%) | <0.0001 | 36,584 (69.0%) | 37,159 (70.1%) | 0.0236 |
| Anticoagulation (Warfarin or NOAC) | 67,142 (58.8%) | 49,138 (70.3%) | <0.0001 | 36,755 (69.3%) | 37,565 (70.8%) | 0.0333 |
| Statins | 66,371 (58.1%) | 45,836 (65.6%) | <0.0001 | 34,515 (65.1%) | 34.990 (66.0%) | 0.0188 |
| Niacin/Fibrates | 8,417 (7.4%) | 6,232 (8.9%) | <0.0001 | 4,703 (8.9%) | 4,771 (9.0%) | 0.0045 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 65,707 (57.5%) | 46,119 (66.0%) | <0.0001 | 34,610 (65.3%) | 35,211 (66.4%) | 0.0239 |
| Diuretics | 59,385 (52.0%) | 40,652 (58.1%) | <0.0001 | 30,695 (57.9%) | 31,120 (58.7%) | 0.0163 |
ACE-I: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, MI: myocardial infarction, NOAC: non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant, SD: standard deviation, TIA: transient ischemic attack
*
Standardized differences were calculated by dividing the difference in mean outcome between groups by the standard deviation of outcome among participants