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Schematic summarizing subcellular locations of GPCR-mediated activation of arrestins and heterotrimeric G proteins supported by data discussed in the text. Top panel: Arrestin (β-arrestins -1 and -2) are thought to be subject to activation both in endosomes and the PM. Bottom panel: Gs activation by various GPCRs (see text for details) has been described in the PM, endosomes, Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network.
