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. 2018 Feb 28;8:3822. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22144-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Whole-brain activations for main effects of grammaticality and level of embedding (LoE) on discriminating the grammaticality of nested musical sequences. The contrast UNGRAMMATICAL > GRAMAMTICAL yielded significant clusters (red) in the right inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, bilateral anterior insular cortices, the pre-supplementary motor area, and the right posterior middle temporal gyrus. Contrasting sequences with TWO-LoE > ONE-LoE yielded significant clusters (blue) bilaterally in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule. Reported clusters were corrected for multiple comparisons voxel-wise at a threshold of p < 0.05 and an extent of 4 voxels. (B) PPI analysis on significant clusters of the refined model where ungrammatical sequences only included non-local category violations. Using the refined model, activity was observed in the right pars opercularis, right pars triangularis, and bilateral anterior insular cortices for the contrast UNGRAMMATICAL > GRAMAMTICAL (seed regions in red), and the right middle frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule for the contrast TWO-LoE > ONE-LoE (seed regions in blue). Dotted lines indicate significantly-increased functional connectivity between seed regions of significant clusters in the experimental context of UNGRAMMATICAL sequences compared to GRAMMATICAL. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons voxel-wise at a threshold of p < 0.05 and an extent of 4 voxels. (C) Positive correlation between sensitivity in discriminating the grammaticality of nested musical sequences and increase in task modulated functional connectivity (r = 0.55, p = 0.03, 1-tailed test; corrected). Shaded region is the 95% confidence band of the linear regression line.