FIG 1 .

Acid tolerance response of RpoS⁺ RASTyV strains compared to RpoS⁻ strains at pH 3. Strains were grown overnight in EGA medium before being normalized to the same OD₆₀₀ and then harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in EGA medium at pH 3. Cell viability was monitored by plating on LB agar containing all necessary supplements. The data presented are results from three independent experiments, and error bars are shown as standard errors of the means. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01 using Student’s t test.