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. 2018 Feb 28;8:3782. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22021-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conditional deletion of bmal1 in dendritic cells abolishes diurnal variation in immune response to infection. Mice were generated which lacked bmal1 in CD11c positive cells (CD11c-bmal^−/−). (A) Bone marrow derived dendritic cells cultured from CD11c-bmal^−/− mice on a PER2::luc background and their wildtype counterparts (bmal^fl/fl), were placed under photonmultiplier tubes (PMT) to monitor real-time luciferase activity as a readout of PER2 expression. (B) CD11c-bmal^−/− and bmal^fl/fl littermates were infected with T. muris at either ZT0 or ZT12. Worm burden (median presented) was assessed 21 days post infection, n = 15–16/group, combined data from two independent experiments. One way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey. (C,D) Parasite specific IgG2c and IgG1 production was measured on day 21. Serum was serially diluted and screened against parasite ES antigen (0.5 μg/ml); the data shown is dilution 1:160 only, as it falls within the linear range of the titration curve, n = 5–8, One Way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey.