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. 2018 Feb 28;38(9):2385–2397. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2474-17.2017

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Copyright © 2018 Novembre et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 1. — Experimental methods and paradigms. Left, Participants were instructed to perform an isometric motor task: applying a constant force on a transducer using the thumb and index finger of the right hand, while keeping their eyes closed. Meanwhile, we delivered either somatosensory stimuli (via electrical stimulation of the left median nerve) or acoustic stimuli (through a loudspeaker placed close to the participant's left hand). Right, In Experiment 1, we delivered somatosensory and acoustic stimuli (medium intensity). In Experiment 2, we delivered somatosensory stimuli (low, medium and high intensity). In Experiment 3, we delivered auditory stimuli (high intensity). In Experiment 4, we delivered standard somatosensory stimuli (high intensity) and startling auditory stimuli (100 dB). Force was recorded in all experiments. EEG was recorded in Experiments 2 and 3. EMG was recorded in Experiments 2–4.