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. 2018 Feb 28;38(9):2385–2397. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2474-17.2017

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Copyright © 2018 Novembre et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 7. — Force and EMG modulations. Group-average force magnitude and EMG activity recorded from the right FDI, biceps (BIC), triceps (TRI), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles, following somatosensory stimulation of the left median nerve (Experiment 2, three intensities; top) or following auditory stimuli (Experiment 3, three consecutive stimuli; bottom). The displayed EMG signals were rectified and baseline corrected. The force decrease, peaking ∼100 ms after stimulus, was preceded by a reduction of EMG activity ∼75 ms after stimulus, only detectable in FDI. The force increase, peaking ∼250 ms after stimulus, was preceded by an increase of EMG activity ∼110 ms after stimulus, detectable in both FDI and TRI. These latencies are consistent with the electromechanical delay between EMG activity and changes in muscle tension (Eliasmith and Anderson, 2004; Graben et al., 2007).