TABLE 1 .

Patient studies examining the efficacy of dopaminergic drugs for the treatment of dystonias

Drug	Type of Dystonia	Patients Improved/Patients Testeda	Type of Study	Level of Evidenceb	Year	Reference
Amphetamine
	Cervical, multifocal (cervical and foot)	2/2	Case reports	IV	1942	Myerson and Loman (1942)
	Cervical	1/1	Case report	IV	1943	Patterson and Little (1943)
Apomorphine
	Cervical	2/7	Double-blind, placebo crossover and open-label	IV	1978	Tolosa (1978)
	Cervical	3/3	Double-blind, placebo crossover	III	1982	Frattola et al. (1982)
	Craniofacialc	5/5	Single-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1979	Tolosa and Lai (1979)
	Craniofacial	2/2	Case reports	IV	1982	Micheli et al. (1982)
	Craniofacial	12/23	Single-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1986	Micheli and Fernandez Pardal (1986)
	Generalized	2/2	Case reports	IV	1973	Braham and Sarova-Pinhas (1973)
	Generalized	1/1	Case report	IV	1996	Zuddas et al. (1996)
	Segmental (cervical, spasmodic dysphonia, and craniofacial)	1/1	Case report	IV	1993	Vidailhet et al. (1993)
Bromocriptine
	Cervical	0/8	Single-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1976	Lees et al. (1976)
	Cervical	0/14	Randomized, double-blind, placebo crossover	III	1979	Juntunen et al. (1979)
	Craniofacial	0/2	Case reports	IV	1982	Micheli et al. (1982)
	Generalized, craniofacial plus cervical	2/3	Double-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1981	Stahl and Berger (1981)
	Generalized, cervical, craniofacial	5/8	Double-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1982	Stahl and Berger (1982)
	Generalized, segmental (cervical/limb), truncal, cervical	2/13	Blinded raters, no placebo	IV	1982	Girotti et al. (1982)
	Generalized, unspecified focal	2/10	Open-label followed by double-blind study in the two responders	IV	1984	Obeso and Luquin (1984)
	Generalized, hemidystonia, cervical, segmental (oromandibular and laryngeal), multifocal (cervical and foot) blepharospasm	7/13	Randomized, double-blind, placebo crossover	III	1985	Newman et al. (1985)
Lisuride
	Cervical	3/3	Double-blind, placebo crossover	III	1982	Frattola et al. (1982)
	Craniofacial	2/2	Case reports	IV	1982	Micheli et al. (1982)
	Craniofacial	1/7	Open label	IV	1983	Marsden et al. (1983)
	Craniofacial	13/23	Single-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1986	Micheli and Fernandez Pardal (1986)
	Craniofacial	1/1	Case report	IV	1988	Micheli et al. (1988)
	Craniofacial	1/9	Randomized, double-blind, placebo crossover	II	1988	Bassi et al. (1982)
	Generalized, cervical	6/7	Double-blind, placebo crossover	III	1982	Ransmayr et al. (1988)
	Generalized, unspecified focal	0/10	Open-label	IV	1984	Obeso and Luquin (1984)
	Generalized, segmental (unspecified regions), hand, cervical, craniofacial, myoclonic, Parkinsonism with dystonia, tardive, unspecified	8/42	Open-label followed by randomized, double-blind, placebo crossover for the eight patients who improved	IV	1985	Quinn et al. (1985)
	Generalized, cervical, craniofacial	6/9	Double-blind, placebo crossover	IV	1985	Nutt et al. (1985)

^aThe definition of “improved” varied across publications and is summarized here exactly as reported.

^bBased on the updated scheme for “Classification of Evidence for Therapeutic Studies” established by the American Academy of Neurology in 2015.

^cCraniofacial is used synonymously with Meige syndrome or orofacial dystonia.