Table 1.
Presence of known exercise-responsive myokines/adipokines (exerkines) within extracellular vesicle compendiums
| Protein | www.exocarta.org | www.microvesicles.org | Association |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin (AdipoQ) | Y | Y | Obesity, T2DM |
| Apelin (APLN) | Y | Y | Obesity, cancer |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | Y | Y | Obesity, cancer |
| Betatrophin (ANGPTL8) | N | N | T2DM |
| Cathepsin B (CTSB) | Y | Y | T2DM, cognition, cancer |
| Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator (CITED4) | N | Y | Cancer, muscle hypertrophy |
| Chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) | Y | Y | Lung fibrosis, asthma |
| Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) | Y | Y | Systemic inflammation, cancer |
| Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) | N | Y | Obesity, myocyte proliferation |
| Colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) | Y | Y | Unknown |
| Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) | Y | Y | Connective tissue, ? muscle growth |
| Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) | Y | Y | T2DM, ? intestinal function |
| Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 | N | Y | Chondrocyte and muscle regeneration |
| FGF-21 | N | N | Obesity, T2DM, NAFLD |
| Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL-1) | Y | Y | Endothelial function |
| Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11) | Y | Y | ? Muscle growth |
| Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) | N | Y | Skeletal and cardiac muscle, ? neurogenesis |
| Irisin | N | N | Obesity, T2DM |
| Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) | N | Y | Skeletal muscle growth |
| Interleukin-1 (IL-1) | N | N | Chronic inflammation |
| Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | N | Y | Anti-inflammatory response |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | N | Y | Gluconeogenesis, cancer, chronic inflammation |
| Interleukin-7 (IL-7) | Y | Y | Chronic inflammation |
| Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | N | Y | Chronic inflammation |
| Interleukin-10 (IL-10) | Y | Y | Anti-inflammatory response |
| Interleukin-15 (IL-15) | N | Y | Muscle growth, skin health |
| Interleukin-18 (IL-18) | N | Y | Chronic inflammation |
| Interleukin-15 receptor α (IL-15RA) | Y | Y | Immunity |
| Leptin (LEP) | N | Y | Obesity |
| Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) | Y | Y | Cancer |
| Meteorin-like protein (METRNL) | Y | Y | Obesity, T2DM neurogenesis |
| Myonectin (CTRP15) | N | N | Adipose tissue regulation |
| Myostatin (GDF-8) | N | N | Muscle growth |
| Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) | Y | Y | Cancer |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) | Y | Y | Angiogenesis |
The public databases www.exocarta.org and www.microvesicles.org were searched on November 3, 2016. Eighteen (51%) of the 35 reported exerkines were listed in www.exocarta.org, and 28 (80%) of the 35 reported exerkines were listed in www.microvesicles.org. Association, Association with a condition or disease in relation to exercise; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.