Table 3. Health-related and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Characteristics | Total (N = 37,002) |
Non-CKD (n = 5,135) |
CKD Stage 1 (n = 107) |
CKD Stage 2 (n = 229) |
CKD Stage 3a (n = 1,251) |
CKD Stage 3b (n = 208) |
CKD Stage 4/5 (n = 72) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-related Factors | ||||||||
| Sleep duration (hr.) | 6.8±0.01 | 6.8±0.01 | 7.1±0.2 | 7.0±0.1 | 6.7±0.1 | 6.5±0.1 | 7.2±0.3 | .020 |
| Current smoking | 27.7(0.3) | 27.9(0.3) | 34.0(5.7) | 30.7(3.8) | 15.6(1.3) | 20.8(3.6) | 19.7(5.5) | < .001 |
| Alcohol drinking | 60.9(0.4) | 61.5(0.4) | 69.0(5.5) | 60.6(3.9) | 38.8(1.7) | 36.9(4.2) | 37.3(7.4) | < .001 |
| Regular exercise | 10.7(0.3) | 10.8(0.3) | 9.2(3.4) | 7.4(1.9) | 8.3(1.0) | 10.3(2.6) | 7.4(3.5) | .190 |
| Perceived health status | < .001 | |||||||
| Very good/ Good |
37.1(0.4) | 37.5(0.4) | 26.0(5.1) | 32.8(3.9) | 27.7(1.7) | 20.4(3.4) | 11.1(4.5) | |
| Fair | 45.3(0.4) | 45.6(0.4) | 46.4(5.9) | 38.8(3.9) | 38.4(1.7) | 30.2(4.0) | 17.5(5.1) | |
| Poor/ Very poor |
17.6(0.3) | 16.9(0.3) | 27.6(4.8) | 28.4(3.6) | 34.0(1.7) | 49.4(4.4) | 71.3(6.33) | |
| EQ-5D | 0.95±0.0 | 0.95±0.0 | 0.94±0.01 | 0.92±0.01 | 0.88±0.01 | 0.82±0.02 | 0.81±0.03 | < .001 |
| EuroQoL: VAS | 74.6±0.2 | 74.8±0.2 | 72.5±2.3 | 71.4±1.6 | 69.7±0.8 | 62.1±2.3 | 61.6±2.4 | < .001 |
| Depressive symptom (Yes) | 13.0(0.2) | 12.9(0.2) | 18.3(4.8) | 17.1(3.1) | 14.3(1.3) | 22.1(3.7) | 18.5(5.8) | .012 |
| Perceived psychological stress | 27.3(0.3) | 27.5(0.3) | 26.7(5.1) | 28.8(3.7) | 20.5(1.4) | 18.9(3.2) | 20.7(6.0) | .001 |
| Suicidal ideation | 13.2(0.3) | 12.9(0.3) | 9.5(3.5) | 14.1(2.8) | 19.4(1.5) | 26.1(3.9) | 34.6(7.5) | < .001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Cancer | 2.4(0.1) | 2.3(0.1) | - | 4.0(1.5) | 5.2(0.7) | 4.6(1.6) | 1.9(1.5) | Not estim-able |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.7(0.1) | 1.4(0.1) | 4.0(2.5) | 4.7(1.6) | 7.9(0.9) | 14.0(3.0) | 8.3(3.2) | < .001 |
| Stroke | 1.3(0.1) | 1.1(0.1) | 0.8(0.8) | 5.3(1.6) | 7.0(0.8) | 11.0(2.8) | 10.6(4.2) | < .001 |
| Hypertension | 24.4(0.3) | 22.8(0.3) | 37.2(5.8) | 61.6(3.9) | 67.0(1.7) | 76.3(3.6) | 87.9(3.6) | < .001 |
| DM | 8.7(0.2) | 7.7(0.2) | 33.2(5.6) | 36.0(4.0) | 30.1(1.7) | 45.8(4.3) | 54.8(7.8) | < .001 |
| Anemia | 7.1(0.2) | 6.5(0.2) | 6.7(2.6) | 10.3(2.2) | 18.0(1.2) | 40.7(4.2) | 86.8(4.6) | < .001 |
| COPD or Asthma | 3.1(0.1) | 3.0(0.1) | 1.0(0.8) | 3.9(1.3) | 5.9(0.8) | 4.9(1.5) | 4.0(2.5) | < .001 |
| Exam/Lab Tests | ||||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.8±0.1 | 116.4±0.1 | 122.1±2.0 | 131.8±1.7 | 126.9±0.7 | 128.0±2.0 | 134.1±3.1 | < .001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.7±0.1 | 75.7±0.1 | 81.1±1.3 | 82.7±1.1 | 75.5±0.4 | 73.4±1.1 | 76.5±2.2 | < .001 |
| BMI (kg/ m2) | 23.7±0.0 | 23.7±0.0 | 23.7±0.5 | 25.3±0.3 | 24.6±0.1 | 24.6±0.3 | 23.5±0.5 | < .001 |
| WC (cm) | 81.3±0.1 | 81.1±0.1 | 81.8±1.3 | 87.3±0.9 | 85.5±0.3 | 85.9±0.8 | 82.9±1.5 | < .001 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 0.9±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | 1.2±0.0 | 1.6±0.02 | 3.5±0.3 | < .001 |
| Total-C (mg/dL) | 187.4±0.3 | 187.3±0.3 | 199.7±4.7 | 204.8±3.7 | 189.0±1.3 | 181.2±3.9 | 177.0±5.1 | < .001 |
| LDL-C | 113.3±0.5 | 113.5±0.5 | 97.8±7.3 | 123.7±6.6 | 110.6±2.5 | 98.5±7.2 | 92.8±7.2 | .001 |
| HDL-C | 49.4±0.1 | 52.2±0.1 | 53.5±1.5 | 46.4±0.8 | 46.6±0.4 | 44.9±1.2 | 45.3±1.9 | < .001 |
| Triglycerides | 137.6±0.8 | 136.2±0.8 | 211.9±30.5 | 203.2±12.1 | 160.4±3.4 | 165.2±9.4 | 148.2±9.4 | < .001 |
| Fe (umol/dL) | 117.5±0.6 | 118.0±0.6 | 114.2±9.4 | 124.4±7.3 | 101.5±1.8 | 91.30±5.6 | 73.36±5.1 | < .001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 90.9±0.9 | 90.3±0.9 | 127.9±20.2 | 138.0±16.0 | 93.0±3.0 | 111.0±8.9 | 142.7±26.4 | < .001 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 14.3±0.0 | 14.3±0.0 | 14.7±0.2 | 14.7±0.1 | 13.7±0.1 | 12.8±0.1 | 11.2±0.2 | < .001 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 97.6±0.2 | 97.1±0.1 | 120.9±5.7 | 123.7±3.2 | 108.2±1.0 | 111.2±3.3 | 114.6±6.3 | < .001 |
Note: Values are sample n, weighted mean ± SE or sample n, weighted percentage (SE) unless otherwise indicated; P-value by ANOVA or Chi-square test as appropriate. Abbreviations: DM = Diabetes mellitus; WC = Waist circumference; Cr = Creatinine; Total-C = Total Cholesterol; Hb = Hemoglobin; FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar.