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. 2018 Feb 9;2(3):270–284. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1151

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© 2018 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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VC caused ER stress. (A) Representative electron microscope photomicrographs are shown. Arrows denote dilated ER, including the nuclear membrane as part of the ER membrane. (B) Representative western blot and densitometric analysis of CHOP are shown. (C) Hepatic mRNA expression of ER stress markers Sirt1, Atf4, Chop, and Hsp90 are shown for HFD and HFD + VC (12 weeks). ^a P < 0.05 compared to HFD control. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. Sample size per group A, n = 10; B,C, n = 5‐7. Abbreviations: GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; LD, lipid droplet; Mito, mitochondria; N, nucleus.