Table 1.
EFFECT OF WD AND PQQ ON BODY COMPOSITION AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF DEVELOPMENTALLY PROGRAMMED OFFSPRING
| Maternal Diet: | CH | WD | WDPQQ | WDPQQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offspring Diet: | CH | WD | WDPQQ | WD | |
| n = 5‐6 | n = 3‐6 | n = 3‐6 | n = 6 | P Valuea | |
| Body weight (g) | 27.7 ± 1.4§ | 43.1 ± 0.8 | 34.3 ± 1.0§ | 33.4 ± 0.5§ | <0.0001 |
| % Liver mass | 4.4 ± 0.1† | 6.6 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.1† | 4.4 ± 0.4† | 0.0003 |
| % Right kidney mass | 0.71 ± 0.03‡ | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| % Left kidney mass | 0.69 ± 0.02§ | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| % Fat mass | 17.2 ± 1.8§ | 41.3 ± 1.0 | 34.6 ± 2.0† | 32.1 ± 1.4§ | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | 28 ± 2.6† | 171 ± 37.8 | 50.4 ± 9.6‡ | NM | 0.0068 |
| ALT (U/L) | 13.5 ± 0.9† | 154.2 ± 45.7 | 42 ± 10.5† | NM | 0.0315 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104.4 ± 14.2‡ | 249 ± 37.4 | 163.8 ± 10.1† | NM | 0.0358 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 94.8 ± 15.3 | 91.2 ± 6.6 | 101.4 ± 7.5 | NM | 0.7903 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.07 ± 0.43† | 5.52 ± 0.74 | 5.52 ± 0.74 | NM | 0.0007 |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 1.34 ± 0.31 | 0.84 ± 0.19 | NM | 0.2189 |
a
Ordinary one‐way analysis of variance performed using the Holm‐Sidak correction for multiple comparisons. P values demonstrating significant differences between groups are shown in bold. Mann‐Whitney U tests used for pairwise comparisons to WD/WD: † P < 0.05, ‡ P < 0.01, § P < 0.001; n refers to individual mice rather than litters.
Abbreviation: NM, not measured.