Table 1. Characteristics of the subjects stratified by sex and BMI.
| Women | Men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal-weight N = 186 |
Over-weight N = 130 |
Obese N = 68 |
P | Normal-weight N = 56 |
Over-weight N = 72 |
Obese N = 36 |
P | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 41.8±2.7 | 42.1±2.7 | 42.0±2.8 | 0.471 | 42.1±3.1 | 42.2±3.2 | 42.5±2.8 | 0.493 |
| Height (cm) | 166±6.5 | 165±5.5 | 163±7.1 | 0.001 | 180±7.2 | 180±6.5 | 178±4.8 | 0.092 |
| Weight (kg) | 62±6.4 | 73.7±6.5 | 89±10 | <0.001 | 74.7±7.0 | 87.4±7.2 | 102.8±9.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22±1.6 | 27±1.5 | 33±2.7 | <0.001 | 23.0±1.40 | 27.0±1.36 | 32.6±2.30 | <0.001 |
| Background | ||||||||
| Vitamin D intake (μg/day)* | 16.2±14 | 15.1±13 | 11.1±7 | 0.019 | 11.3±6.10 | 16.4±16.9 | 18.4±19.2 | 0.061 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day)* | 1238±537 | 1281±515 | 1207±489 | 0.603 | 1121±461 | 1291±516 | 1445±661 | 0.003 |
| Physical activity (min/week) | 264±270 | 257±203 | 201±186 | 0.045 | 196±178 | 199±148 | 229±353 | 0.717 |
| Holidays in sunny locations** | 31% | 16% | 4% | 9% | 14% | 4% | ||
| Smoking (pack-years) | 2.7±6.2 | 3.9±6.8 | 4.8±6.7 | 0.045 | 3.9±9.5 | 5.6±9.5 | 9.3±11.6 | 0.026 |
| Blood concentrations | ||||||||
| DBP (mg/L) | 358±89 | 375±92 | 398±102 | 0.007 | 357±79.4 | 362±74.2 | 377±81.6 | 0.463 |
| 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 58.4±19.5 | 56.9±21.2 | 50.1±17.6 | 0.002 | 54.5±17.3 | 54.9±19.2 | 49.7±18.9 | 0.174 |
| 25(OH)DFree (pmol/L) | 13.1±4.7 | 12.4±5.7 | 10.0±3.9 | <0.001 | 12.1±4.5 | 11.9±4.8 | 10.6±4.7 | 0.271 |
| 25(OH)DBio (nmol/L) | 5.2±1.9 | 4.90±2.3 | 3.8±1.5 | <0.001 | 4.9±1.88 | 4.8±1.79 | 4.3±1.87 | 0.232 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 43.4±2.7 | 43.0±3.0 | 42.2±2.7 | 0.012 | 45.3±2.86 | 45.0±3.2 | 45.0±2.41 | 0.811 |
| PTH (ng/L) | 53.3±24.6 | 57.3±26.1 | 62.3±27.7 | 0.042 | 50.9±20.9 | 50.3±24.4 | 55.3±22.6 | 0.493 |
| CTX (ng/mL) | 0.37±0.16 | 0.33±0.15 | 0.29±0.13 | 0.001 | 0.54±0.18 | 0.49±0.19 | 0.39±0.12 | <0.001 |
| PINP (ng/mL) | 36.7±14 | 35.2±13 | 32.6±12 | 0.1 | 43.9±13 | 40.7±14 | 37.1±11 | 0.036 |
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 7.8±2.7 | 7.4±2.7 | 6.3±2.3 | 0.001 | 9.14±2.4 | 8.3±2.6 | 7.3±2.0 | 0.001 |
| pQCT traits | N = 168 | N = 120 | N = 62 | N = 65 | N = 90 | N = 42 | ||
| Distal radius TraD (mg/cm3) | 192±29.0 | 198±26.5 | 206±28 | 0.004 | 219±28 | 232±26 | 228±26 | 0.012 |
| Distal radius CSI | 0.25±0.06 | 0.25±0.05 | 0.26±0.06 | 0.555 | 0.28±0.06 | 0.27±0.05 | 0.27±0.06 | 0.853 |
| Radial shaft CorD (mg/cm3) | 1148±33 | 1133±39 | 1128±41 | <0.001 | 1124±49 | 1117±39 | 1109±34 | 0.187 |
| Radial shaft CSI | 0.86±0.07 | 0.87±0.04 | 0.87±0.55 | 0.464 | 0.85±0.05 | 0.85±0.05 | 0.86±0.04 | 0.704 |
| Distal tibia TraD (mg/cm3) | 209±30 | 219±24 | 223±25 | <0.001 | 225±27 | 243±28 | 237±28 | <0.001 |
| Distal tibia CSI | 0.21+0.06 | 0.22±0.04 | 0.24±0.05 | 0.022 | 0.24±0.05 | 0.27±0.07 | 0.27±0.06 | 0.029 |
| Tibial shaft CorD (mg/cm)3 | 1110±29 | 1102±26 | 1100±28 | 0.008 | 1106±25 | 1088±26 | 1094±28 | <0.001 |
| Tibial shaft CSI | 0.80±0.05 | 0.80±0.05 | 0.81±0.05 | 0.230 | 0.80±0.05 | 0.82±0.04 | 0.81±0.04 | 0.019 |
*Food and supplements.
**% of participants spent holidays in sunny locations. All values are means; ± SD, ANOVA. Abbreviations: 25(OH)DFree, Free 25(OH)D; 25(OH)DBio, Bioavailable 25(OH)D; CTX, serum collagen type 1 cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide; PINP, serum intact pro-collagen type I aminoterminal propeptide; TraD, trabecular density; CSI, Cortical strength index; CoD. cortical density.