Table 4.
Estimated associations of IQR increases in annual average air pollution and chronic kidney disease (CKD)
| Unadjusted Model | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| PM10 (μg/m3) | 1.40 (1.27, 1.53) | < 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.29) | 0.0436 | 1.10 (0.96, 1.25) | 0.1665 |
| NO2 (ppb) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.6759 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.2909 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 0.5257 |
| SO2 (ppb) | 1.18 (1.13, 1.24) | < 0.0001 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.2343 | 0.97 (0.91,1.04) | 0.3535 |
| CO (ppm) | 1.26 (1.19, 1.34) | < 0.0001 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.6420 | 0.99 (0.92,1.06) | 0.7628 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, PM10 particulate matter < 10 μm in diameter, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, SO2 sulfur dioxide, CO carbon monoxide
The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval in each air pollutant was scaled to the interquartile range for each pollutant, respectively (10 μg/m3 for PM10, 12 ppb for NO2, 1 ppb for SO2, and 0.1 ppm for CO)
aModel 1 was adjusted for demographic variables including age, sex, household income quartile, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, high protein intake, survey year, and residential region
bModel 2 was adjusted for demographic variables plus clinical variables including body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and hypertension