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. 2017 May 29;20(5):249–258. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.03.005

Table 3.

Interventions designed to reduce fatigue and sleepiness while driving.

Published year Study type Nation Population Most independent variables Dependent variables Intervention Effect*
Panel A: Interventions include change in the behaviors
2012 Cross-sectional24 Australia Healthy individuals averaged 21.8 years old Time (hours per day), time awake Deviation from the line side of the road
  • -

    No alcohol use at bedtime

  • -

    Limiting driving behavior from 0:00–6:00

 Fair
2011 Cross-sectional25 Israel Professional and non-professional drivers Age, sex, BMI, education, socioeconomic status, vehicle type, driving license type, driving history, location Reduce fatigue and sleepiness while driving
  • -

    Talking to passengers

  • -

    Listening to the radio

  • -

    Open the window

  • -

    Face washing

 Good
2007 Systematic review of cost-effectiveness30 USA Articles related to OSAS and traffic accidents from 1980 to 2003 Events related with OSAS Economic costs, quality of life Treatment of drivers with sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) Fair
2004 Cross-sectional34 Netherland – – – Do not use sleep medications Fair
1998 Cross-sectional37 USA Experts of driving and traffic safety Different environmental conditions such as wind and driving variables Drowsiness
  • -

    Driving the other person rather than a driver who is tired for 1–2 h

  • -

    Stop the car and sleep for 30–45 min

  • -

    Drink a caffeinated beverage

 Fair
Panel B: Interventions include Changes in the environment
2013 Interventional23 UK Group 1: persons with night shifts
Group 2: drivers over 45 years		 Night shift work, age, driving after eating lunch Fatigue and drowsiness Rumble strips, V-shaped lines (chevrons), variable message signs installation Good
2011 Interventional26 Japan Drivers with a mean age of 32 years Open-eyes SEM and closed-eyes SEM Number of traffic accidents Detection of slow eye movement while driving Good
2009 Interventional27 Palestine Students aged 22–30 years with 5 years of driving experience Interactive cognitive task SOFI Interactive cognitive task Good
2009 Interventional28 USA Drivers The lack of sleep The root-mean-square error, the effective time delay
  • -

    Dynamic guide signs

  • -

    Smart car

  • -

    Dummy changes in uniform roads

 Fair
2008 Interventional29 China Driver who have driving experience Environmental changes in the road Drowsiness based on SSS Removing the road from steady state Good
2006 Interventional31 USA Ford company Adults with sleep deprivation Methods of LDW like Steering Wheel Torque physiological measure of eye closure, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale Different methods alarming deviations from the line side of the road (Lane departure warning) Fair
2005 Interventional32 Germany Healthy persons aged 22–27 years Having the Lane Departure Warning System Reaction time during sleepiness, electro dermal activity Lane Departure Warning System Good
2004 Case–control33 China Young drivers have a full driving license Physically tired, lazy, want to lie down, irritable, no energy Reaction time, right rate Magnitopuncture stimulation method to reduce sleepiness in drivers Good
2004 Interventional11 England Truck drivers Driving schedule CAS Fatigue Score Use of Circadian Alertness Simulator (30) for truck drivers Fair
2001 Interventional17 Germany Students aged 22–28 years, male Stress, fog, horizontal and vertical curves Fatigue and drowsiness
  • -

    Create a gentle horizontal curve in the uniform roads

  • -

    Establish uniform gentle slope on the road

  • -

    Produce fog in road

  • -

    Produce light traffic on the road

 Good
2001 Interventional36 Germany Persons with Commercial Driving License Existence of drowsiness detection and warning devices Fatigue and sleepiness based on the eyes situation Drowsiness detection and warning devices like Copilot-DDI Good
1999 Interventional14 Netherland Driver aged 22–55 years Driving duration in 24 h, listen to the radio, drinking coffee Fatigue and drowsiness Electronic devices of drowsiness detection such as game box Good
Panel C: Interventions include educational programs
2007 Systematic review30 USA Primary articles Various environmental and demographic variables Awareness about fatigue and sleepiness
  • -

    Education of 16–24 y boys about driving and reduce sleepiness and fatigue while driving,

  • -

    Learning how to deal with fatigue and sleepiness while driving

  • -

    Training the workers in job rotation about fatigue and sleepiness while driving

 Fair

* The effect is assessed based on likert scale.