Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biotechnol. 2017 Aug 8;35(8):716–718. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3926

Table 1.

Guidance documents for research on, and testing of, genetically engineered insects and other pest arthropods

Type of governance Confined laboratory studies Field trials (confined and staged open field) Application and post- implementation monitoring
Self governance (e.g., guidance by professional societies or groups of scientists) Akbari et al. (2015)6
ASTMH (2003)7 		Benedict et al. (2008)8
NASEM (2016)4
Brown et al. (2014)9
Kolopak et al. (2015)10
Lavery et al. (2010)11
Soft governance (e.g., guidance by regional and international organizations and bodies) WHO-TDR (2014)16
NAPPO (2007)17 		CBD (2012)18
WHO-TDR (2014)16
EFSA (2013)19
NAPPO (2007)17
WHO-VCAG (2014)20 		CBD (2012)18
WHO-TDR (2014)16
EFSA (2013)19
Federal governance (guidance by appropriate agencies in each country, shown for U.S. only) APHIS Guidelines (2002)12
NIH Guidelines (2016)13 		APHIS (2012)14
FDA (2015)15 		APHIS (2012)14
FDA (2015)15

Note: Reports with an underline explicitly mention gene drives; those in plain text address earlier generations of genetic engineering