Schematic of production of cell sheet constructs and Cell/ECM constructs and in vivo cartilage formation testing via subcutaneous implantation in SCID mice. Chondrocytes were thawed and expanded in tissue culture flasks for 6 days and seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 on TCP and cultured in cell sheet growth medium at day 0. Same number of chondrocytes were expanded for 6 days and seeded at a density of 2,000 cells/cm2 on hBMSC-ECM at day 4. At day 10 of total culture period, folded chondrocytes-impregnated hBMSC-ECM and chondrocytes cell sheets were treated with full chondrogenic medium for an additional 10 days of in vitro culture, and then subcutaneously implanted in SCID mice. At 2 weeks post-implantation, the mice were sacrificed and the implants were excised and processed for different analyses of cartilage formation in vivo.