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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2017 Dec 22;118(4):1460–1494. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00510

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Thermodynamics of coupled metabolic reactions: (a) driving unfavorable biosynthetic reactions by coupled equilibria involving phosphoryl or adenylyl (nucleotidtyl) transfers that fragment ATP; (b) the favorable thermodynamics for four electron reduction of O2 to 2 H2O from 2 NADH is revealed by the reduction potential difference. This equilibrium is silent about the kinetic barriers to reduction; (c) thermodynamics of coupled activation of acetate to acetyl-CoA as ATP is cleaved.